>>The government received donations totaling 17.5 billion yen from 126 countries, territories and organizations. Relief money sent to the Japanese Red Cross Society totaled a massive 57.5 billion yen.
>> 政府には１２６の国・地域・機関から１７５億円の寄付金が寄せられた。日本赤十字社への海外救援金も５７５億円にのぼる。
カフェ友よりの情報によれば日本政府は今年に入ってから９兆円もの米国債を買っているということです。
莫大な金額なのです。上記の世界中の寄付金合計金額５７５億円の２００倍くらいの金額に相当しますね。
それで、今回の不自然な円安の動きが理解できました。
それは通常の動きとはかけ離れたものでした。張り付いて監視していたら、おかげで睡眠不足になりました＾＾。
トヨタや日産、ホンダの決算を助けるだけのあからさまな手法には少々うんざりさせられました。
事前に情報を入手できた一部の官僚たちはFXで大もうけができたはずですね。
ま、官僚も概ね人格者が多いですから、そういうことの出来る人はほんの一握りなのかもしれませんが。
えっ、テレビの観すぎだって？
すみません＾＾。
スラチャイ
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 13, 2012)
Debris disposal tests national character
３・１１の誓い 日本人の国民性が試される（3月12日付・読売社説）
On Sunday, the nation mourned the victims of the Great East Japan Earthquake and huge tsunami a year ago.
日本中が哀悼の祈りに包まれた１日だった。
A government-sponsored memorial service held in Tokyo was attended by the Emperor, even though he is recuperating from last month's heart surgery.
東京での政府主催の追悼式には、先月、心臓手術を受けたばかりの天皇陛下が出席された。
At the ceremony, the Emperor expressed deep appreciation for the relief efforts in disaster-stricken areas and to those dealing with the crisis caused by the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear power plant. He also expressed profound gratitude to other countries that dispatched rescue teams and engaged in other activities following the disaster.
陛下は、被災地の支援活動や原発事故対応に尽力してきた人々の労をねぎらい、救助隊の派遣など世界各地から寄せられた厚情に感謝の意を表された。
"It is important for us to never forget this disaster and hand down the lessons we learned to future generations, and foster the proper attitude towards disaster prevention, with the aim of making our country a safer place," the Emperor said. We probably all share his thoughts.
「大震災の記憶を忘れることなく、子孫に伝え、防災に対する心がけを育み、安全な国土を目指して進んでいくことが大切」というおことばに、だれもが共通の思いを抱いたことだろう。
In his speech, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda made "three promises," including reconstructing the affected areas as soon as possible. Referring to assistance from other countries, he said, "Japan must return the favor by contributing actively to the international community."
野田首相も、一日も早い復興など「三つの誓い」を立てる中で、海外からの支援に言及し、「恩返しするためにも、国際社会への積極的な貢献に努めていかなければならない」と述べた。
Foreign rescue and relief teams arrived in Japan immediately after the March 11 disaster to work in the affected areas. Operation Tomodachi, conducted jointly by U.S. troops and the Self-Defense Forces, was immensely helpful in searching for missing people and removing debris.
震災直後、世界各国から続々と救援隊が到着、被災地に入った。米軍と自衛隊による「トモダチ作戦」は、行方不明者の捜索やがれき除去などに成果を上げた。
===
Historic mission
The government received donations totaling 17.5 billion yen from 126 countries, territories and organizations. Relief money sent to the Japanese Red Cross Society totaled a massive 57.5 billion yen.
政府には１２６の国・地域・機関から１７５億円の寄付金が寄せられた。日本赤十字社への海外救援金も５７５億円にのぼる。
Japan has the historic mission of disseminating the lessons and knowledge learned from the disaster around the world, so they can be used in working out measures to deal with large-scale disasters and prevent crises at nuclear power plants.
震災から得た教訓や知見を世界に発信し、大規模災害への対応策や原発事故防止に役立てることは日本の歴史的使命である。
The government plans to hold a high-level international conference on large-scale natural disasters in a city in the Tohoku region in summer.
政府は今夏、東北で「大規模自然災害に関するハイレベル国際会議」を開催する計画だ。
While sharing their experiences of the Great East Japan Earthquake and other natural disasters, the participants will discuss how to prevent or reduce disaster damage, respond in times of emergency, and recover and reconstruct after a disaster.
東日本大震災や、世界各地で起きた大規模災害の経験を共有し、防災・減災のほか、緊急時の対応策、復旧・復興などのテーマで議論を交わす。
The government hopes to reflect the results of the Tohoku conference in the 2015 U.N. World Conference on Disaster Reduction that Japan has expressed its intention of hosting. As these conferences would be significant in strengthening Japan's ties with other countries, they must be held without fail.
その成果を日本が招致する意向を表明している２０１５年の国連防災世界会議につなげる構想だ。世界との連携を強化する意義は大きい。ぜひ実現させたい。
===
Obstacle to rebuilding
As the disposal of debris in disaster-hit areas hampers full-scale rebuilding efforts, Noda said at a news conference "the government must move one or two steps forward" to deal with this problem. His desire to take a more active stance on the disposal of the debris is natural.
野田首相が記者会見で、本格的な復興の妨げとなっている被災地のがれき処理について、「国は一歩も二歩も前に出ていかないといけない」と積極的に取り組む姿勢を打ち出したのは当然だ。
Noda then unveiled a plan to seek the cooperation of local governments and private corporations to dispose of the debris, saying, "The character of Japan as a nation is being put to the test again."
その上で、首相は「日本人の国民性が再び試されている」として、自治体や民間企業に、がれきの広域処理への協力を強く要請する方針を表明した。
It is extremely disappointing that only Tokyo and some municipalities in two prefectures have accepted debris for disposal.
引き受け自治体が、東京都のほか２県の一部自治体にとどまっているのは極めて問題である。
The coolheaded actions and patience of people in the affected areas has impressed people the world over. We suggest the Japanese people join together to address the issue of debris removal.
震災後の混乱の中、被災者たちの冷静な行動と忍耐強さが世界中を驚かせた。がれき処理の問題でも、日本人の結束力を、改めて海外に示すときではないか。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 12, 2012)
（2012年3月12日01時20分 読売新聞）
2012/03/14
2012/03/13
鎮魂の日 重い教訓を明日への備えに
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 12, 2012)
Utilize lessons of March 11 to better prepare for disasters
鎮魂の日 重い教訓を明日への備えに（3月11日付・読売社説）
We have reached a day of remembrance, one year after the major disaster on March 11. A memorial service is to be held by the central government in Tokyo, and similar ceremonies are scheduled to take place in the affected regions as well.
大震災から１年、鎮魂の日を迎えた。政府主催の追悼式が東京で行われるほか、被災地でも式典が予定されている。
To pray for the repose of victims' souls, we will offer at 2:46 p.m. a silent prayer from the bottom of our hearts for those who died in the disaster.
午後２時４６分、亡くなられた方々のご冥福を祈り、心からの黙とうを捧(ささ)げたい。
The death toll is now 15,854, while more than 3,100 people are listed as missing. The people who are still looking for their beloved relatives must be filled with sorrow. Our hearts ache for them.
犠牲者は１万５８５４人にのぼる。行方不明のままの人も３１００人を超す。いまだに肉親を捜し求める人たちの悲しみはいかばかりか。胸が痛む。
◆被災地の復興に「落差」◆
===
Gaps in degree of recovery
In a coastal district of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, a seawall destroyed by the tsunami stands in horrible condition. Huge piles of debris and a vast number of abandoned automobiles can be seen.
宮城県石巻市の沿岸部。津波で破壊された防潮堤が無残な姿をさらし、巨大ながれきの山と、無数の廃車の集積地が目に入る。
A factory area facing the sea and residential areas that stretched inland were almost completely washed away by tsunami. Only a fraction of these areas have finally managed to start post-disaster reconstruction.
海に面した工場地帯と、内陸側に続く住宅街は、ほとんどが津波にさらわれた。再建にこぎつけたところはほんのわずかである。
Part of the quay at a nearby fishing port sank into the sea. Local fishermen have resumed fishing but say pieces of debris occasionally get caught in their nets.
近くの漁港は岸壁の一部が海に沈んでいた。漁は再開できたが、網にはしばしば、がれきがかかるという。
"If processors resumed their business operations at our port, it would regain its vitality," the skipper of a fishing boat said hopefully.
漁船の船長は「港で加工業者が営業を再開すれば、活気も戻る」と、望みをつなぐ。
A senior official of a local economic organization said: "There are large gaps in the degree of recovery among industries, business firms and families. It's a far cry from post-disaster recovery for the whole region.
地元経済団体の幹部は「復興状況は産業、企業ごと、家族ごとに大きな落差がある。地域全体の復興にはほど遠い」と語る。
"But everyone strongly wants to keep hanging in there."
「ただ、誰もが『がんばろう』という強い思いを持っている」
We support such feelings. Local governments must respond more carefully than ever.
その気持ちを支えたい。自治体には、これまで以上にきめ細かな対応が求められる。
Offering mental care to people affected by the disaster is also an important task. Many people have complained about sleeplessness, anxiety and frustration since immediately after the disaster.
心のケアも重要な課題だ。震災の直後から不眠や不安、イライラを訴える人は多かった。
Even after they moved into makeshift houses or housing units leased by local governments, the number of people suffering emotionally has shown no sign of declining. Rather, there has reportedly been a sharp increase in the number of people who have become addicted to heavy drinking or gambling, or quit their jobs for emotional reasons.
それが、仮設住宅や自治体の借り上げ住宅などに移った後も一向に減らない。むしろ、過度の飲酒やギャンブルにのめり込む人、精神的理由で勤め先を辞める人が急増しているという。
A local psychiatrist believes many are suffering because their unemployment benefits will end soon, they cannot find jobs despite their growing concern, or they have no prospect of ever returning home.
地元の精神科医は「雇用保険の支給が終わる。不安は募るが仕事は見つからない。帰宅のメドもたたない」ことが原因と見る。
The psychiatrist said many people's mental anguish could likely be eased if authorities provided a clear picture of the future.
行政が将来の見通しを明確に示すことで、精神的な痛みが緩和される人は多いはず、と指摘した。
It is important for both the central and local governments to present and implement visibly a post-disaster reconstruction plan through which affected people can find hope for their future lives. We hope the Reconstruction Agency helps them with all its power.
政府と自治体が、今後の生活に希望を見いだせる復興計画を示し、目に見える形で実現していくことが重要だ。復興庁は全力で支援してもらいたい。
◆「想定外」を想定し直す◆
The lessons learned from the catastrophe must be utilized to enhance the nation's readiness for a future major disaster.
教訓を、次の大災害への備えに生かさねばならない。
The March 11 tsunami, which was said to be on a scale "beyond expectation," triggered the crisis at Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s Fukushima No.1 nuclear power station.
「想定外」の津波が甚大な被害をもたらしたのが、東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故だった。
The spread of large amounts of radioactive substances wreaked havoc on agricultural, fisheries and other industries in the disaster-struck areas. Along with the resulting public anxiety over food safety and human health, harmful rumors about the threat of radiation have lingered, casting a shadow all over the country.
放射性物質の拡散が農業、漁業など産業に大打撃を与え、食品や健康への不安、風評被害も広がって、日本中に暗い影を落としている。
More than 62,000 people from Fukushima Prefecture are still living outside the prefecture.
今も６万２０００人以上が福島県外に避難している。
===
Review standard assumptions
An expert panel of the government's Central Disaster Prevention Council chaired by Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda came out with a set of proposals in autumn. The panel called for a thorough review of the conventional assumptions about earthquakes and tsunami as well as antidisaster countermeasures "on the premise of the maximum possible earthquake and tsunami and taking each and every conceivable possibility into account."
政府の中央防災会議の専門調査会は昨秋、「あらゆる可能性を考慮した最大級の巨大地震・津波」を前提に従来の地震・津波想定と防災対応の見直しを提言した。
Regarding major earthquakes anticipated in the Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai regions on the Pacific coast, a study team of the Cabinet Office is scheduled to soon make public its estimations about the maximum intensities of temblors and largest possible heights of tsunami.
東海・東南海・南海地震については、内閣府の検討会が近く、最大級震度分布、津波高などの推計結果を明らかにする。
A study group of the Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministry recently announced research findings regarding a Tokyo metropolitan epicentral earthquake, in which the focus would be just beneath the metropolitan area.
The findings showed that extensive areas of the metropolitan area could be subject to an earthquake more powerful than previously forecast, a quake with the strongest intensity of 7 on the Japanese seismic scale.
首都直下地震では文部科学省研究班が、従来想定より大きい震度７の揺れが広範囲で予想される、との研究結果を公表した。
The 11,000 fatalities and economic damage of 112 trillion yen previously forecast for a metropolitan epicentral earthquake must be reviewed, the study group has said.
死者１万１０００人、経済被害１１２兆円の被害想定は見直される。
The central government and local governments must study and implement specific measures on the basis of these disaster risk evaluations by public bodies.
こうした公的リスク評価を踏まえ、具体的な対策を検討し実施するのが政府と自治体の役目だ。
Plans for enhancing earthquake resistance should be promoted further for such public facilities as schools and hospitals, as well as buildings on arterial roads.
学校、病院といった公共施設や、幹線道路に面したビルの耐震化をさらに進めたい。
In coastal regions, it is vitally important to work out tsunami countermeasures combining such "hardware" efforts as strengthening seawalls with "software" aspects centering on effective evacuation, such as the improvement of hazard maps.
沿岸部では、防潮堤などを強化するハード面と、ハザードマップ整備といった避難を中心とするソフト面を組み合わせて、津波対策を立てる必要がある。
Also of utmost significance is that residents of every community be more prepared for disasters. At the very least, residents must confirm hazard maps and participate in antidisaster drills.
肝心なのは、住民が防災意識を高めることである。ハザードマップを確認し、防災訓練に参加するのは最低限の務めだ。
Residents should draw up evacuation plans for their communities on their own initiative. They should consult expert opinion to secure evacuation routes and evacuation sites such as earthquake-resistant buildings of about five stories, and higher ground.
地域の避難計画を、住民が主体となって作成しておくことも求められる。専門家の意見を聞き、避難ルートや安全な中層ビル、高台などの避難場所を確保したい。
Recently, large-scale exercises have been conducted in such big cities as Tokyo and Osaka for commuters who will have difficulty returning home in the event of a major disaster. It is important to scrutinize what is effective in such drills and also consider what should be improved to make subsequent drills more effective.
最近は東京、大阪などで大規模な帰宅困難者対策訓練が実施されている。成果と反省点を検証し、それを次の訓練の充実につなげることが大事だ。
===
'Disaster reduction' a key goal
◆「減災」の追求を誓う◆
The government--in light of the terrible experience of dealing with the earthquake and tsunami calamities while simultaneously coping with the nuclear crisis and radiation problems--is studying how to prepare for and address a "complex of disasters."
政府は今回、地震・津波被害への対応と同時に、原発事故の鎮圧作業や放射能対策にも追われた経験から、「複合災害」への備えと対応策の検討を始めた。
The government will have to make special responses, for example, when a major earthquake in a large city results in such multiple problems as fires over an extensive area, leakage of toxic gases from factories and serious accidents involving means of transportation.
例えば、大地震に続いて都市部の広域火災や工場地帯の有毒ガス漏れが発生したり、交通機関で大事故が起きたりした場合、政府は特別な対応を迫られる。
The order of priorities in government responses to a complex of disasters and clarification of the chain of command must be thoroughly studied without delay.
複合災害が起きた際の対応の優先順位付けや、指揮命令系統の整備などの検討を急ぐべきだ。
The concept of "disaster mitigation" or "disaster reduction" to minimize damage in the aftermath of a calamity--however catastrophic--is of pivotal significance in this regard, as we must be "prepared even for the unforeseeable."
いかなる大災害にも「想定外」を想定し、被害を最小限にとどめる「減災」を追求する――。
We must pledge anew on this occasion that the precious lives lost in the Great East Japan Earthquake will not have been lost in vain.
尊い犠牲を無駄にしないために、誓いを新たにしたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 11, 2012)
（2012年3月11日01時12分 読売新聞）
Utilize lessons of March 11 to better prepare for disasters
鎮魂の日 重い教訓を明日への備えに（3月11日付・読売社説）
We have reached a day of remembrance, one year after the major disaster on March 11. A memorial service is to be held by the central government in Tokyo, and similar ceremonies are scheduled to take place in the affected regions as well.
大震災から１年、鎮魂の日を迎えた。政府主催の追悼式が東京で行われるほか、被災地でも式典が予定されている。
To pray for the repose of victims' souls, we will offer at 2:46 p.m. a silent prayer from the bottom of our hearts for those who died in the disaster.
午後２時４６分、亡くなられた方々のご冥福を祈り、心からの黙とうを捧(ささ)げたい。
The death toll is now 15,854, while more than 3,100 people are listed as missing. The people who are still looking for their beloved relatives must be filled with sorrow. Our hearts ache for them.
犠牲者は１万５８５４人にのぼる。行方不明のままの人も３１００人を超す。いまだに肉親を捜し求める人たちの悲しみはいかばかりか。胸が痛む。
◆被災地の復興に「落差」◆
===
Gaps in degree of recovery
In a coastal district of Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, a seawall destroyed by the tsunami stands in horrible condition. Huge piles of debris and a vast number of abandoned automobiles can be seen.
宮城県石巻市の沿岸部。津波で破壊された防潮堤が無残な姿をさらし、巨大ながれきの山と、無数の廃車の集積地が目に入る。
A factory area facing the sea and residential areas that stretched inland were almost completely washed away by tsunami. Only a fraction of these areas have finally managed to start post-disaster reconstruction.
海に面した工場地帯と、内陸側に続く住宅街は、ほとんどが津波にさらわれた。再建にこぎつけたところはほんのわずかである。
Part of the quay at a nearby fishing port sank into the sea. Local fishermen have resumed fishing but say pieces of debris occasionally get caught in their nets.
近くの漁港は岸壁の一部が海に沈んでいた。漁は再開できたが、網にはしばしば、がれきがかかるという。
"If processors resumed their business operations at our port, it would regain its vitality," the skipper of a fishing boat said hopefully.
漁船の船長は「港で加工業者が営業を再開すれば、活気も戻る」と、望みをつなぐ。
A senior official of a local economic organization said: "There are large gaps in the degree of recovery among industries, business firms and families. It's a far cry from post-disaster recovery for the whole region.
地元経済団体の幹部は「復興状況は産業、企業ごと、家族ごとに大きな落差がある。地域全体の復興にはほど遠い」と語る。
"But everyone strongly wants to keep hanging in there."
「ただ、誰もが『がんばろう』という強い思いを持っている」
We support such feelings. Local governments must respond more carefully than ever.
その気持ちを支えたい。自治体には、これまで以上にきめ細かな対応が求められる。
Offering mental care to people affected by the disaster is also an important task. Many people have complained about sleeplessness, anxiety and frustration since immediately after the disaster.
心のケアも重要な課題だ。震災の直後から不眠や不安、イライラを訴える人は多かった。
Even after they moved into makeshift houses or housing units leased by local governments, the number of people suffering emotionally has shown no sign of declining. Rather, there has reportedly been a sharp increase in the number of people who have become addicted to heavy drinking or gambling, or quit their jobs for emotional reasons.
それが、仮設住宅や自治体の借り上げ住宅などに移った後も一向に減らない。むしろ、過度の飲酒やギャンブルにのめり込む人、精神的理由で勤め先を辞める人が急増しているという。
A local psychiatrist believes many are suffering because their unemployment benefits will end soon, they cannot find jobs despite their growing concern, or they have no prospect of ever returning home.
地元の精神科医は「雇用保険の支給が終わる。不安は募るが仕事は見つからない。帰宅のメドもたたない」ことが原因と見る。
The psychiatrist said many people's mental anguish could likely be eased if authorities provided a clear picture of the future.
行政が将来の見通しを明確に示すことで、精神的な痛みが緩和される人は多いはず、と指摘した。
It is important for both the central and local governments to present and implement visibly a post-disaster reconstruction plan through which affected people can find hope for their future lives. We hope the Reconstruction Agency helps them with all its power.
政府と自治体が、今後の生活に希望を見いだせる復興計画を示し、目に見える形で実現していくことが重要だ。復興庁は全力で支援してもらいたい。
◆「想定外」を想定し直す◆
The lessons learned from the catastrophe must be utilized to enhance the nation's readiness for a future major disaster.
教訓を、次の大災害への備えに生かさねばならない。
The March 11 tsunami, which was said to be on a scale "beyond expectation," triggered the crisis at Tokyo Electric Power Co.'s Fukushima No.1 nuclear power station.
「想定外」の津波が甚大な被害をもたらしたのが、東京電力福島第一原子力発電所事故だった。
The spread of large amounts of radioactive substances wreaked havoc on agricultural, fisheries and other industries in the disaster-struck areas. Along with the resulting public anxiety over food safety and human health, harmful rumors about the threat of radiation have lingered, casting a shadow all over the country.
放射性物質の拡散が農業、漁業など産業に大打撃を与え、食品や健康への不安、風評被害も広がって、日本中に暗い影を落としている。
More than 62,000 people from Fukushima Prefecture are still living outside the prefecture.
今も６万２０００人以上が福島県外に避難している。
===
Review standard assumptions
An expert panel of the government's Central Disaster Prevention Council chaired by Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda came out with a set of proposals in autumn. The panel called for a thorough review of the conventional assumptions about earthquakes and tsunami as well as antidisaster countermeasures "on the premise of the maximum possible earthquake and tsunami and taking each and every conceivable possibility into account."
政府の中央防災会議の専門調査会は昨秋、「あらゆる可能性を考慮した最大級の巨大地震・津波」を前提に従来の地震・津波想定と防災対応の見直しを提言した。
Regarding major earthquakes anticipated in the Tokai, Tonankai and Nankai regions on the Pacific coast, a study team of the Cabinet Office is scheduled to soon make public its estimations about the maximum intensities of temblors and largest possible heights of tsunami.
東海・東南海・南海地震については、内閣府の検討会が近く、最大級震度分布、津波高などの推計結果を明らかにする。
A study group of the Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Ministry recently announced research findings regarding a Tokyo metropolitan epicentral earthquake, in which the focus would be just beneath the metropolitan area.
The findings showed that extensive areas of the metropolitan area could be subject to an earthquake more powerful than previously forecast, a quake with the strongest intensity of 7 on the Japanese seismic scale.
首都直下地震では文部科学省研究班が、従来想定より大きい震度７の揺れが広範囲で予想される、との研究結果を公表した。
The 11,000 fatalities and economic damage of 112 trillion yen previously forecast for a metropolitan epicentral earthquake must be reviewed, the study group has said.
死者１万１０００人、経済被害１１２兆円の被害想定は見直される。
The central government and local governments must study and implement specific measures on the basis of these disaster risk evaluations by public bodies.
こうした公的リスク評価を踏まえ、具体的な対策を検討し実施するのが政府と自治体の役目だ。
Plans for enhancing earthquake resistance should be promoted further for such public facilities as schools and hospitals, as well as buildings on arterial roads.
学校、病院といった公共施設や、幹線道路に面したビルの耐震化をさらに進めたい。
In coastal regions, it is vitally important to work out tsunami countermeasures combining such "hardware" efforts as strengthening seawalls with "software" aspects centering on effective evacuation, such as the improvement of hazard maps.
沿岸部では、防潮堤などを強化するハード面と、ハザードマップ整備といった避難を中心とするソフト面を組み合わせて、津波対策を立てる必要がある。
Also of utmost significance is that residents of every community be more prepared for disasters. At the very least, residents must confirm hazard maps and participate in antidisaster drills.
肝心なのは、住民が防災意識を高めることである。ハザードマップを確認し、防災訓練に参加するのは最低限の務めだ。
Residents should draw up evacuation plans for their communities on their own initiative. They should consult expert opinion to secure evacuation routes and evacuation sites such as earthquake-resistant buildings of about five stories, and higher ground.
地域の避難計画を、住民が主体となって作成しておくことも求められる。専門家の意見を聞き、避難ルートや安全な中層ビル、高台などの避難場所を確保したい。
Recently, large-scale exercises have been conducted in such big cities as Tokyo and Osaka for commuters who will have difficulty returning home in the event of a major disaster. It is important to scrutinize what is effective in such drills and also consider what should be improved to make subsequent drills more effective.
最近は東京、大阪などで大規模な帰宅困難者対策訓練が実施されている。成果と反省点を検証し、それを次の訓練の充実につなげることが大事だ。
===
'Disaster reduction' a key goal
◆「減災」の追求を誓う◆
The government--in light of the terrible experience of dealing with the earthquake and tsunami calamities while simultaneously coping with the nuclear crisis and radiation problems--is studying how to prepare for and address a "complex of disasters."
政府は今回、地震・津波被害への対応と同時に、原発事故の鎮圧作業や放射能対策にも追われた経験から、「複合災害」への備えと対応策の検討を始めた。
The government will have to make special responses, for example, when a major earthquake in a large city results in such multiple problems as fires over an extensive area, leakage of toxic gases from factories and serious accidents involving means of transportation.
例えば、大地震に続いて都市部の広域火災や工場地帯の有毒ガス漏れが発生したり、交通機関で大事故が起きたりした場合、政府は特別な対応を迫られる。
The order of priorities in government responses to a complex of disasters and clarification of the chain of command must be thoroughly studied without delay.
複合災害が起きた際の対応の優先順位付けや、指揮命令系統の整備などの検討を急ぐべきだ。
The concept of "disaster mitigation" or "disaster reduction" to minimize damage in the aftermath of a calamity--however catastrophic--is of pivotal significance in this regard, as we must be "prepared even for the unforeseeable."
いかなる大災害にも「想定外」を想定し、被害を最小限にとどめる「減災」を追求する――。
We must pledge anew on this occasion that the precious lives lost in the Great East Japan Earthquake will not have been lost in vain.
尊い犠牲を無駄にしないために、誓いを新たにしたい。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 11, 2012)
（2012年3月11日01時12分 読売新聞）
2012/03/12
社説：震災１年・未来のために 「ＮＰＯ革命」を進めよう
(Mainichi Japan) March 11, 2012
Editorial: Japan must lead in NPO revolution
社説：震災１年・未来のために 「ＮＰＯ革命」を進めよう
We have reached the one-year anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami -- let us pray once again for the souls of those who lost their lives to the disaster, and for the recovery of the devastated Tohoku region and Japan as a nation.
東日本大震災の発生から、きょうで１年を迎えた。改めて多くの犠牲者の冥福を祈るとともに東北、そして日本の復興を誓う日としたい。
The fact that victims deeply affected by the disasters and the ensuing nuclear crisis have made it this far despite the sluggish response of the central government is a testament to their perseverance and the backbreaking efforts of local governments. There is, in addition, another contributing factor: an unprecedented influx of donations from across the country, and continued assistance provided by various organizations. Of that, we should be proud.
国の政治がもたつきながらも、どうにかしのいできたのは被災者のみなさんの忍耐強さと地元自治体の努力があったからだ。さらにもう一つ見逃せない点がある。全国からかつてない巨額の寄付が寄せられる一方、今もさまざまな支援活動が続いていることだ。私たちはそれをもっと誇っていい。
Seventeen years have passed since the Great Hanshin Earthquake struck Kobe and Japan witnessed a full-scale emergence of volunteerism. The range of activities that are now being undertaken by volunteers and organizations -- not limited only to the removal of debris or distribution of food and clothing -- is striking.
「ボランティア元年」と言われた阪神大震災から今年で１７年。被災地でがれき処理を手伝ったり、食料や衣料を配るだけでなく、活動範囲の広がりは目を見張るほどだ。
◇官・民の壁を超えて
A major pillar of continued support to disaster-struck northeastern Japan has been nonprofit organizations (NPOs).
その重要な担い手がＮＰＯだ。
Fukushima Kids, for example, offers sleepaway camps for children from Fukushima Prefecture, where the nuclear crisis has yet to be brought under control. The children are invited to stay in Hokkaido and other areas of Japan -- where they are free to play outside without fear of radiation exposure -- during their school holidays. Last summer and this past winter, 518 and 190 children, respectively, participated in the program, away from home and their parents. Preparations are underway for another round during the upcoming spring break. Various NPOs, private companies and local governments have cooperated to make this program possible, and the amount of donations has reached approximately 80 million yen.
例えば、原発事故の影響を今も受ける福島県の子供を夏休みと冬休みの長期間、北海道など各地で受け入れて林間学校を開いた「ふくしまキッズ」。夏は５１８人、冬も１９０人の小中学生が親元を離れて参加し、今は近く始まる春休みの準備が進む。多くのＮＰＯと企業、自治体が協力し、これまで集まった寄付金は約８０００万円にもなる。
In the program, volunteer college students look after the children on a day-to-day basis. As soon as organizers started seeking volunteers in the spring, some 200 students applied. In addition to college students, some high school students also offer their services, coming in to help when they don't have classes at school.
子供の世話をするのは主に学生ボランティアだ。春の活動にも瞬く間に約２００人が応募。大学生だけでなく補習授業の合間に手伝いに来る高校生もいる。
One of the program's founders and its director, Hirohiko Yoshida, 59, recalls the painful memories of trying to set up a similar program when Mount Oyama on Miyakejima Island erupted in 2000, leading to the evacuation of the island's residents. The program did not last long then, and because of this, Yoshida is even more determined to make the current program a success.
発起人の一人、ＮＰＯ「教育支援協会」の吉田博彦代表理事（５９）は、００年の三宅島噴火の時も同じ試みをしながら長続きしなかった苦い経験を持つ。
"We're going to keep this going for at least five years. We can't just complain (and hope that someone else will do something)," Yoshida says. "We want to nurture children who become the future of Fukushima."
それだけに「５年は続ける。誰かに文句を言うだけではいけない。福島の未来を担う子供を育てたい」と話す。
Last summer, Katariba, a nonprofit organization run by people in their 20s and 30s, set up a free "collaborative school" in the Miyagi Prefecture town of Onagawa, which suffered catastrophic damage from the March 2011 tsunami. It hires cram-school teachers who lost their jobs due to the disasters, and is also supported by volunteer college students and former Onagawa residents living in the Tokyo metropolitan area who have taken a leave of absence from their jobs to offer their support. The instructors use empty rooms in an elementary school to teach about 200, or roughly one-third, of the town's elementary and junior high school students.
２０代、３０代の若者が運営するＮＰＯ「カタリバ」は、津波で壊滅的被害を受けた宮城県女川町で昨夏、無料の学習塾「女川向学館」を始めた。小学校の空き教室を利用し、震災で職を失った塾講師を雇用する一方、休職して首都圏から駆けつけた同町出身の会社員やボランティア大学生らが町の小中学生全体の３分の１に当たる約２００人を教える。
The key to this set-up is full-on collaboration between the NPO and the Onagawa Municipal Government, as well as the local board of education and schools -- which have traditionally been in competition with so-called cram schools. Parents have also been approaching the group recently to ask how they can help.
女川町役場、そして従来、塾とは競合してきた地元教育委員会と学校が全面的にＮＰＯとコラボ（協同）しているのがミソだ。最近は親たちも「何かできることはないか」と協力を申し出るようになった。
"When the children who have experienced the disasters overcome their hardships, they're going to be stronger and more compassionate than most people," says Katariba director and Tokyo resident Kumi Imamura, 32, who has been spending most of each month in the disaster areas. "Our job is to provide them with learning opportunities that will help them become those people."
東京を離れ、月の大半を現地で暮らすカタリバの今村久美代表理事（３２）は「震災の試練を経験した子供たちは、もしそれを乗り越えたなら誰よりも強く優しくなれるはず。私たちの役目はそのための学習機会を作ってあげること」という。
Last December, Katariba opened their second "collaborative school" in the Iwate Prefecture town of Otsuchi. The organization promotes learning without depending entirely on local governments or schools -- a set-up that is slowly beginning to take root.
昨年１２月には岩手県大槌町に２校目も開校した。役所や学校任せにしない新しい学びの形が生まれつつある。
Upon learning that autistic children affected by the disasters were having difficulties at evacuation centers, Hiromoto Toeda, 43, director of Musou, a social welfare corporation based in Aichi Prefecture, and Yusuke Ohara, 32, director of nonprofit organization Yuyu based in Hokkaido, moved into action. With volunteer students in tow, they descended upon Tanohata village in Iwate Prefecture, and tried to launch a daycare service for children with disabilities. Iwate prefectural officials, however, were unenthusiastic about the endeavor, saying that there were only five children requesting such care in the entire prefecture.
愛知県半田市の社会福祉法人「むそう」の戸枝陽基理事長（４３）と北海道当別町のＮＰＯ「ゆうゆう」の大原裕介理事長（３２）は震災直後、「自閉症児らが避難所で苦労している」と聞き、学生らを連れて岩手県田野畑村に駆けつけた。障害児や家族を支援する児童デイサービスを始めようとしたが、当初、県の担当者は「県全体でも５人しか希望者がいない」と渋ったという。
However, when Toeda and Ohara began daycare services anyway without the support of local government bodies, over 20 children in a village of around 4,000 people began using them. Users were happy with the program for closely catering to the needs of individual children, leading to the launch of a similar program in the Iwate Prefecture city of Miyako, which also has over 20 participants. Many local residents have said that they were not aware of such programs, and now the local government has changed its position and is set to officially place the programs under its jurisdiction.
ところが戸枝さんらが自主的に活動を始めると人口約４０００人の同村だけでも２０人以上が利用。障害特性に合った活動が評判を呼び、同県宮古市で始めた事業も２０人以上が利用する。地元では「こんなサービスがあるとは知らなかった」と多くの人がいう。今では行政も協力し、近く正式に役所の事業となる予定だ。
◇政治が頼りないのなら
Local governments had heretofore viewed NPOs as contractors, but the growing trend of the private sector taking action ahead of public bodies is hard to ignore.
今まで行政側には「ＮＰＯは下請け」の意識があったのは事実だ。だが、こうして「民」が「官」をリードする動きも広がっている。
Due to a law revision last year, taxpayers can get back up to 50 percent of a donation to an NPO from the national or municipal governments. This, too, is a huge step forward.
昨年の法改正でＮＰＯ法人に寄付をすれば最大で国や自治体から寄付額の５割近い税金が戻ってくるようになった。これも大きな前進だ。
Collecting taxes and making decisions on how they are used was originally the job of the national and local governments. However, public bodies are not the only ones responsible for the public sector. The involvement of nonprofit organizations into education and social welfare is gradually becoming the norm. Members of the public are increasingly donating money to NPOs that they would prefer to support over public bodies, receiving tax deductions in return. Though still in the beginning stages, this signals an era in which we get to choose how our tax money is spent.
税金を徴収し、使い道を決めるのは従来、政府や自治体の仕事だった。だが、公共を担うのは官だけではない。教育や福祉などＮＰＯの活動は拡大し定着してきている。そんな中、国民それぞれが「役所より、このＮＰＯを応援したい」と寄付をし、減税される。それは一部とはいえ税金の使い道を国民自らが選択できる時代になったことを意味する。
The Japanese government's general account budget is approximately 90 trillion yen. Suppose 10 trillion yen in donations are made in a year, with NPOs taking charge of increasingly more in the public sector without being bogged down by the sectionalism of the bureaucracy, while overcoming community and generational boundaries. Imagine that. The government will slim down considerably, inevitably bringing changes to the Diet.
国の一般会計予算は約９０兆円。仮に寄付金が年に１０兆円に上り、役所の縦割りや地域、世代の壁を超えてＮＰＯが活躍する社会を想像してみよう。行政は一気にスリム化され、国会もおのずと変容するはずだ。
Let us call this the "NPO revolution." Of course, continued recovery from the triple disasters requires further support from the public. With politics at a standstill, each and every one of us must take action and do what we can. Over the past few years, the idea that others' happiness leads to one's own happiness has been gathering momentum among our youth. This is certainly a foundation on which a revolution can be built.
私たちはこれを「ＮＰＯ革命」と呼んでみたい。もちろん震災支援を継続させるには、今後ますます国民の後押しが必要だ。しかし政治が立ち止まっているのなら、一人一人が自分のできることから動き始めるしかない。この数年、特に若い世代の間に「他人の幸せになることが自分の幸せになる」という機運が広がっている。「革命」の土壌はある。
We will never forget the day that filled the entire country with untold sadness and shattered our values -- including our belief in the "safety" of nuclear power. From here on out, let us imagine a future in which Japan leads the world in realizing a new "public" society.
日本中が悲しみに包まれ、「原発安全神話」をはじめ、これまでの価値観が崩れ去ったあの日を私たちは忘れない。そして、これからはまったく新しい「公共社会」を日本が実現させて世界をリードする。そんな未来を思い描こう。
毎日新聞 2012年3月11日 2時30分
Editorial: Japan must lead in NPO revolution
社説：震災１年・未来のために 「ＮＰＯ革命」を進めよう
We have reached the one-year anniversary of the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami -- let us pray once again for the souls of those who lost their lives to the disaster, and for the recovery of the devastated Tohoku region and Japan as a nation.
東日本大震災の発生から、きょうで１年を迎えた。改めて多くの犠牲者の冥福を祈るとともに東北、そして日本の復興を誓う日としたい。
The fact that victims deeply affected by the disasters and the ensuing nuclear crisis have made it this far despite the sluggish response of the central government is a testament to their perseverance and the backbreaking efforts of local governments. There is, in addition, another contributing factor: an unprecedented influx of donations from across the country, and continued assistance provided by various organizations. Of that, we should be proud.
国の政治がもたつきながらも、どうにかしのいできたのは被災者のみなさんの忍耐強さと地元自治体の努力があったからだ。さらにもう一つ見逃せない点がある。全国からかつてない巨額の寄付が寄せられる一方、今もさまざまな支援活動が続いていることだ。私たちはそれをもっと誇っていい。
Seventeen years have passed since the Great Hanshin Earthquake struck Kobe and Japan witnessed a full-scale emergence of volunteerism. The range of activities that are now being undertaken by volunteers and organizations -- not limited only to the removal of debris or distribution of food and clothing -- is striking.
「ボランティア元年」と言われた阪神大震災から今年で１７年。被災地でがれき処理を手伝ったり、食料や衣料を配るだけでなく、活動範囲の広がりは目を見張るほどだ。
◇官・民の壁を超えて
A major pillar of continued support to disaster-struck northeastern Japan has been nonprofit organizations (NPOs).
その重要な担い手がＮＰＯだ。
Fukushima Kids, for example, offers sleepaway camps for children from Fukushima Prefecture, where the nuclear crisis has yet to be brought under control. The children are invited to stay in Hokkaido and other areas of Japan -- where they are free to play outside without fear of radiation exposure -- during their school holidays. Last summer and this past winter, 518 and 190 children, respectively, participated in the program, away from home and their parents. Preparations are underway for another round during the upcoming spring break. Various NPOs, private companies and local governments have cooperated to make this program possible, and the amount of donations has reached approximately 80 million yen.
例えば、原発事故の影響を今も受ける福島県の子供を夏休みと冬休みの長期間、北海道など各地で受け入れて林間学校を開いた「ふくしまキッズ」。夏は５１８人、冬も１９０人の小中学生が親元を離れて参加し、今は近く始まる春休みの準備が進む。多くのＮＰＯと企業、自治体が協力し、これまで集まった寄付金は約８０００万円にもなる。
In the program, volunteer college students look after the children on a day-to-day basis. As soon as organizers started seeking volunteers in the spring, some 200 students applied. In addition to college students, some high school students also offer their services, coming in to help when they don't have classes at school.
子供の世話をするのは主に学生ボランティアだ。春の活動にも瞬く間に約２００人が応募。大学生だけでなく補習授業の合間に手伝いに来る高校生もいる。
One of the program's founders and its director, Hirohiko Yoshida, 59, recalls the painful memories of trying to set up a similar program when Mount Oyama on Miyakejima Island erupted in 2000, leading to the evacuation of the island's residents. The program did not last long then, and because of this, Yoshida is even more determined to make the current program a success.
発起人の一人、ＮＰＯ「教育支援協会」の吉田博彦代表理事（５９）は、００年の三宅島噴火の時も同じ試みをしながら長続きしなかった苦い経験を持つ。
"We're going to keep this going for at least five years. We can't just complain (and hope that someone else will do something)," Yoshida says. "We want to nurture children who become the future of Fukushima."
それだけに「５年は続ける。誰かに文句を言うだけではいけない。福島の未来を担う子供を育てたい」と話す。
Last summer, Katariba, a nonprofit organization run by people in their 20s and 30s, set up a free "collaborative school" in the Miyagi Prefecture town of Onagawa, which suffered catastrophic damage from the March 2011 tsunami. It hires cram-school teachers who lost their jobs due to the disasters, and is also supported by volunteer college students and former Onagawa residents living in the Tokyo metropolitan area who have taken a leave of absence from their jobs to offer their support. The instructors use empty rooms in an elementary school to teach about 200, or roughly one-third, of the town's elementary and junior high school students.
２０代、３０代の若者が運営するＮＰＯ「カタリバ」は、津波で壊滅的被害を受けた宮城県女川町で昨夏、無料の学習塾「女川向学館」を始めた。小学校の空き教室を利用し、震災で職を失った塾講師を雇用する一方、休職して首都圏から駆けつけた同町出身の会社員やボランティア大学生らが町の小中学生全体の３分の１に当たる約２００人を教える。
The key to this set-up is full-on collaboration between the NPO and the Onagawa Municipal Government, as well as the local board of education and schools -- which have traditionally been in competition with so-called cram schools. Parents have also been approaching the group recently to ask how they can help.
女川町役場、そして従来、塾とは競合してきた地元教育委員会と学校が全面的にＮＰＯとコラボ（協同）しているのがミソだ。最近は親たちも「何かできることはないか」と協力を申し出るようになった。
"When the children who have experienced the disasters overcome their hardships, they're going to be stronger and more compassionate than most people," says Katariba director and Tokyo resident Kumi Imamura, 32, who has been spending most of each month in the disaster areas. "Our job is to provide them with learning opportunities that will help them become those people."
東京を離れ、月の大半を現地で暮らすカタリバの今村久美代表理事（３２）は「震災の試練を経験した子供たちは、もしそれを乗り越えたなら誰よりも強く優しくなれるはず。私たちの役目はそのための学習機会を作ってあげること」という。
Last December, Katariba opened their second "collaborative school" in the Iwate Prefecture town of Otsuchi. The organization promotes learning without depending entirely on local governments or schools -- a set-up that is slowly beginning to take root.
昨年１２月には岩手県大槌町に２校目も開校した。役所や学校任せにしない新しい学びの形が生まれつつある。
Upon learning that autistic children affected by the disasters were having difficulties at evacuation centers, Hiromoto Toeda, 43, director of Musou, a social welfare corporation based in Aichi Prefecture, and Yusuke Ohara, 32, director of nonprofit organization Yuyu based in Hokkaido, moved into action. With volunteer students in tow, they descended upon Tanohata village in Iwate Prefecture, and tried to launch a daycare service for children with disabilities. Iwate prefectural officials, however, were unenthusiastic about the endeavor, saying that there were only five children requesting such care in the entire prefecture.
愛知県半田市の社会福祉法人「むそう」の戸枝陽基理事長（４３）と北海道当別町のＮＰＯ「ゆうゆう」の大原裕介理事長（３２）は震災直後、「自閉症児らが避難所で苦労している」と聞き、学生らを連れて岩手県田野畑村に駆けつけた。障害児や家族を支援する児童デイサービスを始めようとしたが、当初、県の担当者は「県全体でも５人しか希望者がいない」と渋ったという。
However, when Toeda and Ohara began daycare services anyway without the support of local government bodies, over 20 children in a village of around 4,000 people began using them. Users were happy with the program for closely catering to the needs of individual children, leading to the launch of a similar program in the Iwate Prefecture city of Miyako, which also has over 20 participants. Many local residents have said that they were not aware of such programs, and now the local government has changed its position and is set to officially place the programs under its jurisdiction.
ところが戸枝さんらが自主的に活動を始めると人口約４０００人の同村だけでも２０人以上が利用。障害特性に合った活動が評判を呼び、同県宮古市で始めた事業も２０人以上が利用する。地元では「こんなサービスがあるとは知らなかった」と多くの人がいう。今では行政も協力し、近く正式に役所の事業となる予定だ。
◇政治が頼りないのなら
Local governments had heretofore viewed NPOs as contractors, but the growing trend of the private sector taking action ahead of public bodies is hard to ignore.
今まで行政側には「ＮＰＯは下請け」の意識があったのは事実だ。だが、こうして「民」が「官」をリードする動きも広がっている。
Due to a law revision last year, taxpayers can get back up to 50 percent of a donation to an NPO from the national or municipal governments. This, too, is a huge step forward.
昨年の法改正でＮＰＯ法人に寄付をすれば最大で国や自治体から寄付額の５割近い税金が戻ってくるようになった。これも大きな前進だ。
Collecting taxes and making decisions on how they are used was originally the job of the national and local governments. However, public bodies are not the only ones responsible for the public sector. The involvement of nonprofit organizations into education and social welfare is gradually becoming the norm. Members of the public are increasingly donating money to NPOs that they would prefer to support over public bodies, receiving tax deductions in return. Though still in the beginning stages, this signals an era in which we get to choose how our tax money is spent.
税金を徴収し、使い道を決めるのは従来、政府や自治体の仕事だった。だが、公共を担うのは官だけではない。教育や福祉などＮＰＯの活動は拡大し定着してきている。そんな中、国民それぞれが「役所より、このＮＰＯを応援したい」と寄付をし、減税される。それは一部とはいえ税金の使い道を国民自らが選択できる時代になったことを意味する。
The Japanese government's general account budget is approximately 90 trillion yen. Suppose 10 trillion yen in donations are made in a year, with NPOs taking charge of increasingly more in the public sector without being bogged down by the sectionalism of the bureaucracy, while overcoming community and generational boundaries. Imagine that. The government will slim down considerably, inevitably bringing changes to the Diet.
国の一般会計予算は約９０兆円。仮に寄付金が年に１０兆円に上り、役所の縦割りや地域、世代の壁を超えてＮＰＯが活躍する社会を想像してみよう。行政は一気にスリム化され、国会もおのずと変容するはずだ。
Let us call this the "NPO revolution." Of course, continued recovery from the triple disasters requires further support from the public. With politics at a standstill, each and every one of us must take action and do what we can. Over the past few years, the idea that others' happiness leads to one's own happiness has been gathering momentum among our youth. This is certainly a foundation on which a revolution can be built.
私たちはこれを「ＮＰＯ革命」と呼んでみたい。もちろん震災支援を継続させるには、今後ますます国民の後押しが必要だ。しかし政治が立ち止まっているのなら、一人一人が自分のできることから動き始めるしかない。この数年、特に若い世代の間に「他人の幸せになることが自分の幸せになる」という機運が広がっている。「革命」の土壌はある。
We will never forget the day that filled the entire country with untold sadness and shattered our values -- including our belief in the "safety" of nuclear power. From here on out, let us imagine a future in which Japan leads the world in realizing a new "public" society.
日本中が悲しみに包まれ、「原発安全神話」をはじめ、これまでの価値観が崩れ去ったあの日を私たちは忘れない。そして、これからはまったく新しい「公共社会」を日本が実現させて世界をリードする。そんな未来を思い描こう。
毎日新聞 2012年3月11日 2時30分
2012/03/11
記者の目：再稼働急ぐ前に「脱原発」探れ＝西川拓
(Mainichi Japan) March 9, 2012
Japan should decrease dependence on nuclear power instead of trying to reactivate reactors
記者の目：再稼働急ぐ前に「脱原発」探れ＝西川拓
The government's pledge to decrease Japan's reliance on nuclear power plants following the outbreak of the disaster at the tsunami-hit Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant is hardly mentioned in today's political world.
東京電力福島第１原発事故を受けて菅直人・前首相が表明し、野田佳彦・現首相も「引き継ぐ」と言ったはずの「脱・原発依存」だが、その後ほとんど政治の話題に上らなくなった。
In his policy speech at the outset of the ongoing Diet session, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, who appears to be preoccupied with raising the 5 percent consumption tax, did not show strong enthusiasm for decreasing Japan's dependence on nuclear plants.
This is despite the fact that following the outbreak of the nuclear disaster, then Prime Minister Naoto Kan declared that he would seek to decrease Japan's reliance on nuclear power and Noda has promised to take over that policy.
野田首相の頭の中は消費税増税で占められているのか、今国会の施政方針演説でも強い決意が感じられなかった。
An opinion poll that the Mainichi Shimbun has conducted shows that over 70 percent of the public are in favor of relying less on nuclear power. Therefore, the government has a responsibility to show specific ways to achieve this goal, such as the development of alternative energy sources.
毎日新聞が実施した世論調査などでは７割が脱原発路線を支持している。ならば、代替エネルギーの積極的開発を表明するなど、原発後への具体的な道筋を早く国民に示すのが政治の責任だ。
◇技術は不完全
Another survey that the Mainichi conducted on the mayors of municipalities situated within 30 kilometers from the crippled nuclear plant in February has produced interesting results. Over half -- or 57 percent -- of the mayors surveyed support the resumption of operations at nuclear power stations stopped for regular inspections with some conditions attached.
毎日新聞が２月に実施した、原発から半径３０キロ圏内に位置する自治体の首長へのアンケートでは興味深い結果が出た。定期検査で停止した原発の再稼働を「条件付きで認める」首長は５７％。
Still, 76 percent of them said they are in favor of less reliance on nuclear energy. Even the mayors of some municipalities that host nuclear plants and have received subsidies from the national government in return called for a decrease in the country's dependence on nuclear plants.
One of them, Hideo Kishimoto, mayor of the Saga Prefecture town of Genkai, which hosts Kyushu Electric Power Co.'s Genkai Nuclear Power Plant, said in the survey, "Japan should decrease its reliance on nuclear power while going ahead with the technological development of renewable energy."
だが、そのうち７６％は脱・原発に賛意を示したのだ。原発を受け入れ、交付金などの恩恵を受けてきた自治体であっても「再生可能エネルギーの技術開発を進めながら原発の依存度を減らしていくべきだ」（岸本英雄・佐賀県玄海町長）などの声が上がったのだ。
A total of 60 percent of the people surveyed by the Mainichi in September 2011 said that the number of nuclear power stations should be decreased on a step-by-step basis over a long period of time. The figure rises to 72 percent if those who call for an early suspension of operations at nuclear plants are included. A majority of the Japanese public share the hope that nuclear plants should be decreased in the long run.
一般の市民を対象にした昨年９月の毎日新聞の世論調査でもこの傾向は顕著だった。「時間をかけて原発を減らすべきだ」との回答が６０％を占め、「できるだけ早くすべて停止すべきだ」を合わせると７２％に達した。将来的には原発を減らしていきたいという思いは、今、多くの国民が共有している。
Until the outbreak of the Fukushima nuclear crisis in March last year, I had believed, as a journalist who had covered issues relating to nuclear energy for many years, that nuclear power stations were indispensable for Japan, which is poor in natural resources.
実は原発問題を長く担当してきた私自身、福島第１原発事故が起こるまで、使用済み核燃料の処分が決まらない問題を抱えてはいるものの、資源小国の日本にとって原発は必要だと考えていた。
I coolly responded when Germany shifted its policy toward getting rid of nuclear power plants in the late 1990s, believing that "it is possible because European countries can buy power from neighboring countries when they are short of power." Above all, I did not think that a catastrophic accident would ever happen at any nuclear power station in Japan.
９０年代末にドイツが脱原発に転じた時も「欧州では、足りない時は他の国から電気を買えるから可能なんだろう」と、冷ややかに見ていた。何より日本の原発がここまで壊滅的な事故を起こすとは思っていなかった。
However, my thoughts changed drastically as I observed irreparable damage to the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant and local communities through my coverage of the ongoing crisis.
だが福島第１原発事故の取材を通じて、取り返しのつかない被害の大きさに触れ考えが変わった。
Nuclear power should be deemed as faulty technology as two extremely serious accidents occurred -- one at Chernobyl in 1986 and the other at Fukushima in 2011 -- and devastated local communities less than about a half century since nuclear plants were first put into commercial use.
実用化されて半世紀の間に、チェルノブイリ（８６年、旧ソ連）、福島と、２度にわたり地域社会を崩壊させる大事故を起こした原発は、やはり不完全な技術と言わざるを得ない。
Aging and dangerous reactors should be shut down first, and then all Japan's nuclear plants should be abolished in the long run.
老朽化したものや危険なものから止めていき、最終的にはなくすべきだ。
However, as many mayors pointed out in the Mainichi survey last month, it is indispensable to secure substitute energy sources to make up for a decrease in Japan's reliance on nuclear power. A shortage of electric power is a serious blow particularly to the socially vulnerable.
ただし、アンケートで多くの首長が指摘したように、脱原発を進めるには代替電力の確保が不可欠だ。電力不足はまず社会的弱者を直撃する。
Following the outbreak of the crisis, escalators at railway stations and traffic lights stopped in the Tokyo metropolitan area because of efforts to save electric power consumption and rolling power blackouts occurred, causing trouble to the elderly and physically handicapped. If companies are forced to downsize their operations due to power shortages, non-regular workers will be the first to lose their jobs.
震災直後、計画停電や節電を強いられた首都圏で駅のエスカレーターや信号機などが止まり、高齢者や身体障害者が困っている姿を何度も見た。電力不足で企業活動が停滞すれば、非正規雇用の人たちが真っ先に解雇されるだろう。
The government, which has pledged to reduce Japan's reliance on nuclear power, should shift its energy policy toward developing renewable energy and energy-saving technologies. Moreover, it should clearly show how many years it will take before all nuclear plants are decommissioned as well as how electric power can be secured and what kind of lifestyles members of the public should adopt until that goal is achieved.
「脱・原発依存」を掲げた政治がすべきことは、再生可能エネルギーや省エネ技術の研究開発に思い切ってかじを切ることではないか。そして、何年後なら原発をゼロにできるか、それまでは電力をどのように確保し、国民がどういう生活を送ることになるかを具体的に提示することだ。
◇「責任感見えぬ」
However, the government appears to be hastily trying to reactivate nuclear reactors that have been suspended for regular inspections.
だが、ここのところ政府には、原発の再稼働を急ごうとする姿勢ばかりが目立つ。
Currently, only two nuclear reactors are in operation in Japan, and all the nation's 54 reactors will have been stopped by as early as mid-May if none of those suspended for regular inspections are reactivated. As a precondition for resuming operations at nuclear reactors, the government demands that safety evaluations clearly show how far they can withstand larger than anticipated earthquakes and tsunami.
国内の原発は次々と定期検査で止まり、現在稼働中なのは２基。このままいけば５月初めにも５４基すべてが停止する。政府は再稼働への関門として、想定を超えた地震や津波で炉心溶融が起きるまでにどの程度の余裕があるかを見る安全評価（ストレステスト）を義務づけた。
The government appears desperate. "Unless nuclear reactors are reactivated, it'll be inevitable that electric power charges will rise drastically," warns Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Yukio Edano.
手続きを急ぐため、簡便な「１次評価」で可としたが、目算通りにはいかず、メドは立っていない。「再稼働がなければ、電気料金が大幅に上がるのは必然」（枝野幸男経済産業相）など、閣内から焦りにも似た発言も出始めた。
Professor Hitoshi Yoshioka, vice president of Kyushu University who is an expert in nuclear power policy, says, "It's only natural that a majority of the members of the public are in favor of decreasing the country's reliance on nuclear energy for electricity supply, considering the massive damage caused by the nuclear crisis to Fukushima. Regardless of what kind of policy the government adopts, no progress can be made on any policy based on the promotion of nuclear power."
原子力政策に詳しい吉岡斉・九州大副学長は「福島の被害を真剣に受け止めれば、国民の多くが脱原発を是とするのは当然。政府がどう決めようと、原発推進を前提とした政策は前に進まない」と指摘する。
Tatsuya Murakami, mayor of the Ibaraki Prefecture village of Tokai that hosts many nuclear facilities including a nuclear power plant, criticized the government and the power industry for lacking a sense of responsibility for the nuclear disaster.
"The Fukushima nuclear crisis is deep-rooted in Japan's distorted energy policy. The government and the nuclear industry do not appear to feel a sense of responsibility toward those who have lost their hometowns to the crisis," Murakami said in response to the Mainichi survey.
また、原発や原子力関連施設を抱える茨城県東海村の村上達也村長は、毎日新聞のアンケートにこう答える。
「福島原発事故は（原発偏重など）、ゆがんだエネルギー政策が生んだものだ。故郷を喪失した者たちに、政府や業界は責任を感じているのか。全く見えない」
The government will adopt its new energy policy at the Energy and Environment Council comprised of Cabinet ministers concerned by this coming summer.
政府は、関係閣僚らで作る「エネルギー・環境会議」で夏までに新たなエネルギー政策を決める。
One cannot help but wonder how the prime minister will respond to these opinions voiced by communities that host nuclear power stations, as well as members of the general public.
首相はこれらの意見に、どう答えるつもりなのだろうか。
The government's attempt to hastily reactivate nuclear reactors without clearly showing a path toward decreasing Japan's reliance on nuclear power stations runs counter to the will of the public.
脱原発への道筋を示さないまま目先の再稼働を急ぐのは、国民の意思に逆行していると思う。
（東京科学環境部）
("As I see it" by Taku Nishikawa, Tokyo Science and Environment News Department)
毎日新聞 2012年3月9日 1時45分（最終更新 3月9日 1時51分）
Japan should decrease dependence on nuclear power instead of trying to reactivate reactors
記者の目：再稼働急ぐ前に「脱原発」探れ＝西川拓
The government's pledge to decrease Japan's reliance on nuclear power plants following the outbreak of the disaster at the tsunami-hit Fukushima No. 1 Nuclear Power Plant is hardly mentioned in today's political world.
東京電力福島第１原発事故を受けて菅直人・前首相が表明し、野田佳彦・現首相も「引き継ぐ」と言ったはずの「脱・原発依存」だが、その後ほとんど政治の話題に上らなくなった。
In his policy speech at the outset of the ongoing Diet session, Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda, who appears to be preoccupied with raising the 5 percent consumption tax, did not show strong enthusiasm for decreasing Japan's dependence on nuclear plants.
This is despite the fact that following the outbreak of the nuclear disaster, then Prime Minister Naoto Kan declared that he would seek to decrease Japan's reliance on nuclear power and Noda has promised to take over that policy.
野田首相の頭の中は消費税増税で占められているのか、今国会の施政方針演説でも強い決意が感じられなかった。
An opinion poll that the Mainichi Shimbun has conducted shows that over 70 percent of the public are in favor of relying less on nuclear power. Therefore, the government has a responsibility to show specific ways to achieve this goal, such as the development of alternative energy sources.
毎日新聞が実施した世論調査などでは７割が脱原発路線を支持している。ならば、代替エネルギーの積極的開発を表明するなど、原発後への具体的な道筋を早く国民に示すのが政治の責任だ。
◇技術は不完全
Another survey that the Mainichi conducted on the mayors of municipalities situated within 30 kilometers from the crippled nuclear plant in February has produced interesting results. Over half -- or 57 percent -- of the mayors surveyed support the resumption of operations at nuclear power stations stopped for regular inspections with some conditions attached.
毎日新聞が２月に実施した、原発から半径３０キロ圏内に位置する自治体の首長へのアンケートでは興味深い結果が出た。定期検査で停止した原発の再稼働を「条件付きで認める」首長は５７％。
Still, 76 percent of them said they are in favor of less reliance on nuclear energy. Even the mayors of some municipalities that host nuclear plants and have received subsidies from the national government in return called for a decrease in the country's dependence on nuclear plants.
One of them, Hideo Kishimoto, mayor of the Saga Prefecture town of Genkai, which hosts Kyushu Electric Power Co.'s Genkai Nuclear Power Plant, said in the survey, "Japan should decrease its reliance on nuclear power while going ahead with the technological development of renewable energy."
だが、そのうち７６％は脱・原発に賛意を示したのだ。原発を受け入れ、交付金などの恩恵を受けてきた自治体であっても「再生可能エネルギーの技術開発を進めながら原発の依存度を減らしていくべきだ」（岸本英雄・佐賀県玄海町長）などの声が上がったのだ。
A total of 60 percent of the people surveyed by the Mainichi in September 2011 said that the number of nuclear power stations should be decreased on a step-by-step basis over a long period of time. The figure rises to 72 percent if those who call for an early suspension of operations at nuclear plants are included. A majority of the Japanese public share the hope that nuclear plants should be decreased in the long run.
一般の市民を対象にした昨年９月の毎日新聞の世論調査でもこの傾向は顕著だった。「時間をかけて原発を減らすべきだ」との回答が６０％を占め、「できるだけ早くすべて停止すべきだ」を合わせると７２％に達した。将来的には原発を減らしていきたいという思いは、今、多くの国民が共有している。
Until the outbreak of the Fukushima nuclear crisis in March last year, I had believed, as a journalist who had covered issues relating to nuclear energy for many years, that nuclear power stations were indispensable for Japan, which is poor in natural resources.
実は原発問題を長く担当してきた私自身、福島第１原発事故が起こるまで、使用済み核燃料の処分が決まらない問題を抱えてはいるものの、資源小国の日本にとって原発は必要だと考えていた。
I coolly responded when Germany shifted its policy toward getting rid of nuclear power plants in the late 1990s, believing that "it is possible because European countries can buy power from neighboring countries when they are short of power." Above all, I did not think that a catastrophic accident would ever happen at any nuclear power station in Japan.
９０年代末にドイツが脱原発に転じた時も「欧州では、足りない時は他の国から電気を買えるから可能なんだろう」と、冷ややかに見ていた。何より日本の原発がここまで壊滅的な事故を起こすとは思っていなかった。
However, my thoughts changed drastically as I observed irreparable damage to the Fukushima No. 1 nuclear plant and local communities through my coverage of the ongoing crisis.
だが福島第１原発事故の取材を通じて、取り返しのつかない被害の大きさに触れ考えが変わった。
Nuclear power should be deemed as faulty technology as two extremely serious accidents occurred -- one at Chernobyl in 1986 and the other at Fukushima in 2011 -- and devastated local communities less than about a half century since nuclear plants were first put into commercial use.
実用化されて半世紀の間に、チェルノブイリ（８６年、旧ソ連）、福島と、２度にわたり地域社会を崩壊させる大事故を起こした原発は、やはり不完全な技術と言わざるを得ない。
Aging and dangerous reactors should be shut down first, and then all Japan's nuclear plants should be abolished in the long run.
老朽化したものや危険なものから止めていき、最終的にはなくすべきだ。
However, as many mayors pointed out in the Mainichi survey last month, it is indispensable to secure substitute energy sources to make up for a decrease in Japan's reliance on nuclear power. A shortage of electric power is a serious blow particularly to the socially vulnerable.
ただし、アンケートで多くの首長が指摘したように、脱原発を進めるには代替電力の確保が不可欠だ。電力不足はまず社会的弱者を直撃する。
Following the outbreak of the crisis, escalators at railway stations and traffic lights stopped in the Tokyo metropolitan area because of efforts to save electric power consumption and rolling power blackouts occurred, causing trouble to the elderly and physically handicapped. If companies are forced to downsize their operations due to power shortages, non-regular workers will be the first to lose their jobs.
震災直後、計画停電や節電を強いられた首都圏で駅のエスカレーターや信号機などが止まり、高齢者や身体障害者が困っている姿を何度も見た。電力不足で企業活動が停滞すれば、非正規雇用の人たちが真っ先に解雇されるだろう。
The government, which has pledged to reduce Japan's reliance on nuclear power, should shift its energy policy toward developing renewable energy and energy-saving technologies. Moreover, it should clearly show how many years it will take before all nuclear plants are decommissioned as well as how electric power can be secured and what kind of lifestyles members of the public should adopt until that goal is achieved.
「脱・原発依存」を掲げた政治がすべきことは、再生可能エネルギーや省エネ技術の研究開発に思い切ってかじを切ることではないか。そして、何年後なら原発をゼロにできるか、それまでは電力をどのように確保し、国民がどういう生活を送ることになるかを具体的に提示することだ。
◇「責任感見えぬ」
However, the government appears to be hastily trying to reactivate nuclear reactors that have been suspended for regular inspections.
だが、ここのところ政府には、原発の再稼働を急ごうとする姿勢ばかりが目立つ。
Currently, only two nuclear reactors are in operation in Japan, and all the nation's 54 reactors will have been stopped by as early as mid-May if none of those suspended for regular inspections are reactivated. As a precondition for resuming operations at nuclear reactors, the government demands that safety evaluations clearly show how far they can withstand larger than anticipated earthquakes and tsunami.
国内の原発は次々と定期検査で止まり、現在稼働中なのは２基。このままいけば５月初めにも５４基すべてが停止する。政府は再稼働への関門として、想定を超えた地震や津波で炉心溶融が起きるまでにどの程度の余裕があるかを見る安全評価（ストレステスト）を義務づけた。
The government appears desperate. "Unless nuclear reactors are reactivated, it'll be inevitable that electric power charges will rise drastically," warns Economy, Trade and Industry Minister Yukio Edano.
手続きを急ぐため、簡便な「１次評価」で可としたが、目算通りにはいかず、メドは立っていない。「再稼働がなければ、電気料金が大幅に上がるのは必然」（枝野幸男経済産業相）など、閣内から焦りにも似た発言も出始めた。
Professor Hitoshi Yoshioka, vice president of Kyushu University who is an expert in nuclear power policy, says, "It's only natural that a majority of the members of the public are in favor of decreasing the country's reliance on nuclear energy for electricity supply, considering the massive damage caused by the nuclear crisis to Fukushima. Regardless of what kind of policy the government adopts, no progress can be made on any policy based on the promotion of nuclear power."
原子力政策に詳しい吉岡斉・九州大副学長は「福島の被害を真剣に受け止めれば、国民の多くが脱原発を是とするのは当然。政府がどう決めようと、原発推進を前提とした政策は前に進まない」と指摘する。
Tatsuya Murakami, mayor of the Ibaraki Prefecture village of Tokai that hosts many nuclear facilities including a nuclear power plant, criticized the government and the power industry for lacking a sense of responsibility for the nuclear disaster.
"The Fukushima nuclear crisis is deep-rooted in Japan's distorted energy policy. The government and the nuclear industry do not appear to feel a sense of responsibility toward those who have lost their hometowns to the crisis," Murakami said in response to the Mainichi survey.
また、原発や原子力関連施設を抱える茨城県東海村の村上達也村長は、毎日新聞のアンケートにこう答える。
「福島原発事故は（原発偏重など）、ゆがんだエネルギー政策が生んだものだ。故郷を喪失した者たちに、政府や業界は責任を感じているのか。全く見えない」
The government will adopt its new energy policy at the Energy and Environment Council comprised of Cabinet ministers concerned by this coming summer.
政府は、関係閣僚らで作る「エネルギー・環境会議」で夏までに新たなエネルギー政策を決める。
One cannot help but wonder how the prime minister will respond to these opinions voiced by communities that host nuclear power stations, as well as members of the general public.
首相はこれらの意見に、どう答えるつもりなのだろうか。
The government's attempt to hastily reactivate nuclear reactors without clearly showing a path toward decreasing Japan's reliance on nuclear power stations runs counter to the will of the public.
脱原発への道筋を示さないまま目先の再稼働を急ぐのは、国民の意思に逆行していると思う。
（東京科学環境部）
("As I see it" by Taku Nishikawa, Tokyo Science and Environment News Department)
毎日新聞 2012年3月9日 1時45分（最終更新 3月9日 1時51分）
2012/03/10
米大統領選 オバマ氏助ける共和党の混戦
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 9, 2012)
Close Republican race helps Obama's reelection chances
米大統領選 オバマ氏助ける共和党の混戦（3月8日付・読売社説）
The campaign to select the Republican Party's nominee to run in the U.S. presidential race in autumn has become a prolonged contest. This development appears to work in favor of President Barack Obama of the Democratic Party, who is aiming at reelection.
秋の米大統領選に向けて、共和党の候補者指名争いが長期戦の様相を見せている。再選を目指す民主党のオバマ大統領には有利に働こう。
This week's Super Tuesday was the busiest day of the intraparty contest, with primaries and caucuses held in 10 states, including Ohio. Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, a moderate Republican, and former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum, a conservative, had a very tight race, so the struggle to choose the presidential nominee did not reach a conclusion.
オハイオなど１０州の予備選・党員集会が集中した６日のスーパーチューズデーで、共和党穏健派のロムニー前マサチューセッツ州知事と、保守派サントラム元上院議員が接戦を演じ、本命争いの決着は持ち越された。
The contest has become such a close fight this year mainly because the Republicans changed the formula for allocating convention delegates among contestants in accordance with the results of each state's primaries and caucuses.
候補者選びが混戦となった要因は、共和党が今年、予備選・党員集会の結果に基づく州代議員の配分方式を変更したことにある。
Under the conventional formula, the candidate who won a primary or caucus in a state was entitled to all of that state's delegates, so that clear differences would emerge among the contenders' numerical results.
従来は、予備選・党員集会で勝利した候補がその州の代議員すべてを獲得する「総取り」方式で、差がつきやすかった。
This year, until the end of March in principle, the party is using a formula that awards delegates to candidates in proportion to the number of votes they receive.
今年は、３月までは原則として得票率に応じた「比例配分」方式を採用する。
Under this formula, the differences among candidates' delegate counts tend to be smaller than under the former method, making it less easy for any one candidate to win a majority of the delegates needed to win the nomination at the party's national convention. Thus, the contest drags on.
差が開きにくく、指名に必要な過半数にはなかなか達しないため、競り合いが続く。
===
History not repeating itself
In the presidential election four years ago, Democratic candidates Obama and Hillary Clinton, both senators at the time, fought a fiercely contested race to become their party's presidential nominee, the momentum from which apparently helped Obama win the presidential race.
４年前の大統領選では、民主党のオバマ、クリントン両氏が白熱の指名争いを展開して勢いづき、そのまま本選で勝利した。
The Republicans probably intended to attract media attention to an intense nomination race that would give their party a similar surge in popularity.
共和党も、手に汗握る指名争いでニュースを独占し、上げ潮に乗せたい思惑があろう。
Yet so far the results have been the opposite of what the party hoped for.
だが、共和党の狙いは今のところ裏目に出ている。
The race has prolonged as just what the party calculated it would. But the contest seems to have descended into mudslinging, with candidates pointing out the shortcomings and weak points of their rivals, rather than waging a battle of words to compete over their respective policies. There have also been television ads in which rivals blast one another so often as to disgust voters.
長期戦になったのは計算通りだが、政策の優劣を競う論戦ではなく、相手候補の欠点、弱点をあげつらう中傷合戦が目立つ。互いを誹謗(ひぼう)するテレビＣＭも有権者がうんざりするほど流されている。
===
Many cooks stirring the pot
Financially supporting these negative campaigns are political action committees called super PACs, which can raise unlimited amounts of money for political advertising, and whose financing actions were approved by a Supreme Court ruling in 2010.
そうした個人攻撃キャンペーンを資金面で支えるのは、集める政治資金額に制限がないスーパーＰＡＣ（特別政治活動委員会）と呼ばれる政治団体だ。２年前の連邦最高裁判決で認められた。
Conservative grassroots political activists such as those in the tea party movement, who harshly criticize moderates within the Republican Party, are quite energetic. This deepens the intraparty conflict further.
党内穏健派を激しく批判するティーパーティー（茶会）運動など保守派の草の根活動も盛んで、党内対立は深まるばかりだ。
As things stand now, the Republicans can hardly expect to orchestrate the type of outcome the Democrats achieved when Obama and Clinton joined hands and displayed their solidarity following the end of the presidential nomination race.
このままでは共和党は、指名争い終了後にオバマ、クリントン両氏が手を組んで一致団結ぶりを誇示した民主党のような演出は、とてもできそうにない。
This is quite a favorable development for the Obama camp. Improvement in the jobless rate will also be a favorable wind for Obama.
オバマ陣営には、具合がいい展開だ。失業率が改善しているのも再選への追い風となろう。
Yet the U.S. economy still remains dismal. Any president, whoever it may be, will have to tackle the thorny issues of buoying up the economy and slashing the fiscal deficit.
だが、米国経済は依然、厳しい。だれが大統領になっても、景気浮揚と財政赤字削減の難題に取り組まなくてはならない。
In the presidential race, tax system reform is an important point of contention. Regarding the corporate tax rate, Obama and leading Republican candidates agree on the need to reduce it. In the United States, too, the issue of how to reinforce the international competitiveness of its business corporations is an issue of the highest priority.
大統領選で税制改革は重要な争点だ。法人税率を巡っては、オバマ氏も共和党の有力候補も「引き下げ」で共通する。米国でも国際競争力の強化が最優先課題だ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 8, 2012)
（2012年3月8日01時16分 読売新聞）
Close Republican race helps Obama's reelection chances
米大統領選 オバマ氏助ける共和党の混戦（3月8日付・読売社説）
The campaign to select the Republican Party's nominee to run in the U.S. presidential race in autumn has become a prolonged contest. This development appears to work in favor of President Barack Obama of the Democratic Party, who is aiming at reelection.
秋の米大統領選に向けて、共和党の候補者指名争いが長期戦の様相を見せている。再選を目指す民主党のオバマ大統領には有利に働こう。
This week's Super Tuesday was the busiest day of the intraparty contest, with primaries and caucuses held in 10 states, including Ohio. Former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney, a moderate Republican, and former Pennsylvania Sen. Rick Santorum, a conservative, had a very tight race, so the struggle to choose the presidential nominee did not reach a conclusion.
オハイオなど１０州の予備選・党員集会が集中した６日のスーパーチューズデーで、共和党穏健派のロムニー前マサチューセッツ州知事と、保守派サントラム元上院議員が接戦を演じ、本命争いの決着は持ち越された。
The contest has become such a close fight this year mainly because the Republicans changed the formula for allocating convention delegates among contestants in accordance with the results of each state's primaries and caucuses.
候補者選びが混戦となった要因は、共和党が今年、予備選・党員集会の結果に基づく州代議員の配分方式を変更したことにある。
Under the conventional formula, the candidate who won a primary or caucus in a state was entitled to all of that state's delegates, so that clear differences would emerge among the contenders' numerical results.
従来は、予備選・党員集会で勝利した候補がその州の代議員すべてを獲得する「総取り」方式で、差がつきやすかった。
This year, until the end of March in principle, the party is using a formula that awards delegates to candidates in proportion to the number of votes they receive.
今年は、３月までは原則として得票率に応じた「比例配分」方式を採用する。
Under this formula, the differences among candidates' delegate counts tend to be smaller than under the former method, making it less easy for any one candidate to win a majority of the delegates needed to win the nomination at the party's national convention. Thus, the contest drags on.
差が開きにくく、指名に必要な過半数にはなかなか達しないため、競り合いが続く。
===
History not repeating itself
In the presidential election four years ago, Democratic candidates Obama and Hillary Clinton, both senators at the time, fought a fiercely contested race to become their party's presidential nominee, the momentum from which apparently helped Obama win the presidential race.
４年前の大統領選では、民主党のオバマ、クリントン両氏が白熱の指名争いを展開して勢いづき、そのまま本選で勝利した。
The Republicans probably intended to attract media attention to an intense nomination race that would give their party a similar surge in popularity.
共和党も、手に汗握る指名争いでニュースを独占し、上げ潮に乗せたい思惑があろう。
Yet so far the results have been the opposite of what the party hoped for.
だが、共和党の狙いは今のところ裏目に出ている。
The race has prolonged as just what the party calculated it would. But the contest seems to have descended into mudslinging, with candidates pointing out the shortcomings and weak points of their rivals, rather than waging a battle of words to compete over their respective policies. There have also been television ads in which rivals blast one another so often as to disgust voters.
長期戦になったのは計算通りだが、政策の優劣を競う論戦ではなく、相手候補の欠点、弱点をあげつらう中傷合戦が目立つ。互いを誹謗(ひぼう)するテレビＣＭも有権者がうんざりするほど流されている。
===
Many cooks stirring the pot
Financially supporting these negative campaigns are political action committees called super PACs, which can raise unlimited amounts of money for political advertising, and whose financing actions were approved by a Supreme Court ruling in 2010.
そうした個人攻撃キャンペーンを資金面で支えるのは、集める政治資金額に制限がないスーパーＰＡＣ（特別政治活動委員会）と呼ばれる政治団体だ。２年前の連邦最高裁判決で認められた。
Conservative grassroots political activists such as those in the tea party movement, who harshly criticize moderates within the Republican Party, are quite energetic. This deepens the intraparty conflict further.
党内穏健派を激しく批判するティーパーティー（茶会）運動など保守派の草の根活動も盛んで、党内対立は深まるばかりだ。
As things stand now, the Republicans can hardly expect to orchestrate the type of outcome the Democrats achieved when Obama and Clinton joined hands and displayed their solidarity following the end of the presidential nomination race.
このままでは共和党は、指名争い終了後にオバマ、クリントン両氏が手を組んで一致団結ぶりを誇示した民主党のような演出は、とてもできそうにない。
This is quite a favorable development for the Obama camp. Improvement in the jobless rate will also be a favorable wind for Obama.
オバマ陣営には、具合がいい展開だ。失業率が改善しているのも再選への追い風となろう。
Yet the U.S. economy still remains dismal. Any president, whoever it may be, will have to tackle the thorny issues of buoying up the economy and slashing the fiscal deficit.
だが、米国経済は依然、厳しい。だれが大統領になっても、景気浮揚と財政赤字削減の難題に取り組まなくてはならない。
In the presidential race, tax system reform is an important point of contention. Regarding the corporate tax rate, Obama and leading Republican candidates agree on the need to reduce it. In the United States, too, the issue of how to reinforce the international competitiveness of its business corporations is an issue of the highest priority.
大統領選で税制改革は重要な争点だ。法人税率を巡っては、オバマ氏も共和党の有力候補も「引き下げ」で共通する。米国でも国際競争力の強化が最優先課題だ。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 8, 2012)
（2012年3月8日01時16分 読売新聞）
2012/03/09
河村氏南京発言 日中の歴史認識共有は難しい
The Yomiuri Shimbun (Mar. 8, 2012)
Despite historical differences, Japan, China must boost ties
河村氏南京発言 日中の歴史認識共有は難しい（3月7日付・読売社説）
Nagoya Mayor Takashi Kawamura's remarks on the Nanjing Incident have cast a shadow over Japan-China relations.
名古屋市の河村たかし市長の南京事件を巡る発言が、日中関係に影を落とし始めている。
During a courtesy call last month by a Chinese Communist Party leader from Nanjing, a sister city of Nagoya, Kawamura said, "I doubt whether what you call the Nanjing Massacre took place [in the way it has been described]."
友好都市である南京市の共産党幹部が２月に表敬に訪れた際、河村氏は「いわゆる南京事件はなかったのではないか」と述べた。
Nanjing immediately suspended exchange programs with Nagoya in protest. The Chinese Foreign Ministry criticized the mayor's comment by saying, "Irresponsible remarks that distort historical facts deeply hurt the feelings of the Chinese people."
反発した南京市は、名古屋市との交流を中止した。中国外務省も、「歴史を歪曲(わいきょく)した無責任な言論が中国国民の感情を深刻に傷つけた」と発言を批判した。
Cultural exchange events scheduled to begin in Nanjing on Friday under the sponsorship of the Japanese government have been postponed. The decision is believed to have been made out of consideration for the safety of performers. However, it was regrettable.
今月９日から日本政府が南京で予定していた文化交流行事は延期が決まった。出演者の安全などを考慮しての判断とされるが、残念な事態である。
Various kinds of events are scheduled this year to mark the 40th anniversary of the normalization of bilateral relations. The two countries should deal with the current situation in a coolheaded manner to prevent the bilateral relationship from being strained further and impacting adversely on diplomatic and economic ties.
今年は日中国交正常化４０周年にあたり、数多くの交流行事が計画されている。日中関係がこれ以上こじれ、外交や経済に悪影響が出ることがないよう、互いに冷静に対処していくことが必要だ。
===
Claims vary over death toll
The Nanjing Incident occurred in December 1937 when the Imperial Japanese Army occupied Nanjing, which was China's capital at the time. Prisoners of war were executed and civilians were raped by Japanese soldiers. But there are differing views on how many Chinese died.
南京事件は１９３７年１２月、日本軍が当時の中国の首都南京を占領した際に起きた。日本軍による捕虜などの処刑や民間人への暴行が多発したが、その死亡者数を巡っては様々な説がある。
In 2006, Japan and China launched a joint study of historical issues from the academic standpoint, rather than the political. But discussions failed to accomplish much because of Chinese political constraints.
歴史問題を政治と切り離して学術的に議論するために、日中両国政府が２００６年にスタートさせたのが日中歴史共同研究だった。しかし、中国側の政治的制約の中で議論は深まらなかった。
A report released by the joint research committee two years ago presented the views of academicians from both countries.
共同研究委員会が２年前に発表した報告書は、日中双方の学者の主張を併記した。
The Japanese side said, "Various figures, for example 20,000 and 40,000, have been presented, with a maximum number of victims put at 200,000." However, the Chinese side repeated Beijing's official view that 300,000 people were killed in Nanjing.
南京事件の犠牲者数について日本側は「２０万人を上限として、４万人、２万人など様々な推計がなされている」とした。中国側は、政府公式見解の３０万人虐殺説を繰り返すのみだった。
In clarifying his remarks, Kawamura said he had meant that no organized massacre occurred that claimed the lives of 300,000 people. We can sympathize with his remarks if he really meant that. But there is no denying he was indiscreet.
河村氏は自らの発言について、３０万人とされるような組織的な大虐殺はなかったという趣旨だったと釈明した。そういう趣旨なら理解できるが、不用意な発言であったことは否めない。
===
Views unlikely to change
Kawamura said he wanted to visit Nanjing to discuss the Nanjing Incident. He insisted that resolving a thorny historical issue through frank discussions between the two countries would contribute to improving bilateral friendship.
河村氏は、自身が南京を訪れて南京事件を巡る討論会を開催したいとも述べた。日中間で率直に議論し、歴史問題という「ノドのトゲ」を抜くことが日中友好につながると主張している。
But is such a discussion possible in China today? Even if talks are held in China, where freedom of speech is not guaranteed, it is hard to imagine the Chinese supporting his view and rejecting the government's official claim that 300,000 people died.
しかし、そのような議論が現在の中国で可能だろうか。言論の自由が保障されない中国で討論会を開いても、政府公式見解の３０万人虐殺説を否定する議論に、中国側参加者が与(くみ)するとは思えない。
It will be extremely difficult for the two countries to agree on historical matters. After taking this into consideration, it is necessary to work toward building a constructive bilateral relationship.
日中間の歴史認識の共有は極めて難しい。そのことを十分踏まえた上で、建設的な両国関係を築いていく必要がある。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 7, 2012)
（2012年3月7日01時27分 読売新聞）
Despite historical differences, Japan, China must boost ties
河村氏南京発言 日中の歴史認識共有は難しい（3月7日付・読売社説）
Nagoya Mayor Takashi Kawamura's remarks on the Nanjing Incident have cast a shadow over Japan-China relations.
名古屋市の河村たかし市長の南京事件を巡る発言が、日中関係に影を落とし始めている。
During a courtesy call last month by a Chinese Communist Party leader from Nanjing, a sister city of Nagoya, Kawamura said, "I doubt whether what you call the Nanjing Massacre took place [in the way it has been described]."
友好都市である南京市の共産党幹部が２月に表敬に訪れた際、河村氏は「いわゆる南京事件はなかったのではないか」と述べた。
Nanjing immediately suspended exchange programs with Nagoya in protest. The Chinese Foreign Ministry criticized the mayor's comment by saying, "Irresponsible remarks that distort historical facts deeply hurt the feelings of the Chinese people."
反発した南京市は、名古屋市との交流を中止した。中国外務省も、「歴史を歪曲(わいきょく)した無責任な言論が中国国民の感情を深刻に傷つけた」と発言を批判した。
Cultural exchange events scheduled to begin in Nanjing on Friday under the sponsorship of the Japanese government have been postponed. The decision is believed to have been made out of consideration for the safety of performers. However, it was regrettable.
今月９日から日本政府が南京で予定していた文化交流行事は延期が決まった。出演者の安全などを考慮しての判断とされるが、残念な事態である。
Various kinds of events are scheduled this year to mark the 40th anniversary of the normalization of bilateral relations. The two countries should deal with the current situation in a coolheaded manner to prevent the bilateral relationship from being strained further and impacting adversely on diplomatic and economic ties.
今年は日中国交正常化４０周年にあたり、数多くの交流行事が計画されている。日中関係がこれ以上こじれ、外交や経済に悪影響が出ることがないよう、互いに冷静に対処していくことが必要だ。
===
Claims vary over death toll
The Nanjing Incident occurred in December 1937 when the Imperial Japanese Army occupied Nanjing, which was China's capital at the time. Prisoners of war were executed and civilians were raped by Japanese soldiers. But there are differing views on how many Chinese died.
南京事件は１９３７年１２月、日本軍が当時の中国の首都南京を占領した際に起きた。日本軍による捕虜などの処刑や民間人への暴行が多発したが、その死亡者数を巡っては様々な説がある。
In 2006, Japan and China launched a joint study of historical issues from the academic standpoint, rather than the political. But discussions failed to accomplish much because of Chinese political constraints.
歴史問題を政治と切り離して学術的に議論するために、日中両国政府が２００６年にスタートさせたのが日中歴史共同研究だった。しかし、中国側の政治的制約の中で議論は深まらなかった。
A report released by the joint research committee two years ago presented the views of academicians from both countries.
共同研究委員会が２年前に発表した報告書は、日中双方の学者の主張を併記した。
The Japanese side said, "Various figures, for example 20,000 and 40,000, have been presented, with a maximum number of victims put at 200,000." However, the Chinese side repeated Beijing's official view that 300,000 people were killed in Nanjing.
南京事件の犠牲者数について日本側は「２０万人を上限として、４万人、２万人など様々な推計がなされている」とした。中国側は、政府公式見解の３０万人虐殺説を繰り返すのみだった。
In clarifying his remarks, Kawamura said he had meant that no organized massacre occurred that claimed the lives of 300,000 people. We can sympathize with his remarks if he really meant that. But there is no denying he was indiscreet.
河村氏は自らの発言について、３０万人とされるような組織的な大虐殺はなかったという趣旨だったと釈明した。そういう趣旨なら理解できるが、不用意な発言であったことは否めない。
===
Views unlikely to change
Kawamura said he wanted to visit Nanjing to discuss the Nanjing Incident. He insisted that resolving a thorny historical issue through frank discussions between the two countries would contribute to improving bilateral friendship.
河村氏は、自身が南京を訪れて南京事件を巡る討論会を開催したいとも述べた。日中間で率直に議論し、歴史問題という「ノドのトゲ」を抜くことが日中友好につながると主張している。
But is such a discussion possible in China today? Even if talks are held in China, where freedom of speech is not guaranteed, it is hard to imagine the Chinese supporting his view and rejecting the government's official claim that 300,000 people died.
しかし、そのような議論が現在の中国で可能だろうか。言論の自由が保障されない中国で討論会を開いても、政府公式見解の３０万人虐殺説を否定する議論に、中国側参加者が与(くみ)するとは思えない。
It will be extremely difficult for the two countries to agree on historical matters. After taking this into consideration, it is necessary to work toward building a constructive bilateral relationship.
日中間の歴史認識の共有は極めて難しい。そのことを十分踏まえた上で、建設的な両国関係を築いていく必要がある。
(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, March 7, 2012)
（2012年3月7日01時27分 読売新聞）
2012/03/08
中国経済成長―「７．５％」を歓迎する
--The Asahi Shimbun, March 6
EDITORIAL: China’s lower economic growth target a wise move
中国経済成長―「７．５％」を歓迎する
China’s economy has been growing rapidly over the years, but it has created a raft of unwanted by-products as well, such as economic disparity, corruption and environmental destruction.
格差や腐敗、環境破壊という負の副産物をまき散らしながら高度成長してきた中国。
Now, China has finally decided to shift its policy priorities toward economic growth more focused on social stability. We welcome the move.
それがようやく、社会の安定を重視する成長へと転換をめざすことになった。歓迎したい。
The annual meeting of China’s National People’s Congress began in Beijing on March 5. In his work report to parliament, Premier Wen Jiabao announced that the government has set a policy target of 7.5-percent economic growth for 2012, down from the 8-percent goal the country pursued for seven consecutive years since 2005.
中国の全国人民代表大会（全人代）が５日、北京で始まった。温家宝（ウェン・チアパオ）首相は、１２年の経済成長率目標を７．５％とすると表明し、０５年から７年続けて掲げてきた「８％前後の成長」の旗を取り換えた。
Wen said the government has lowered the growth target to “achieve higher-level, higher-quality development over a longer period of time.”
温首相は成長目標を下げた理由として「長期にわたって一層高水準で、より良質な発展につなげるためである」と述べた。
China’s Hu-Wen administration, led by President Hu Jintao and Wen, is slated to pass the baton to a new leadership through a power transition to be approved at the National Congress of the Communist Party of China scheduled for autumn this year and at next year’s gathering of the National People’s Congress.
胡錦濤（フー・チンタオ）国家主席と温首相が率いる「胡温体制」は、今年秋の共産党大会と来春の全人代を経て、次の体制と交代する。
This year’s meeting of the legislature serves as the platform for the current leadership to start the final phase of its efforts to achieve policy goals.
今年の全人代は、総仕上げの政策を決める場となった。
The size of the Chinese economy has quadrupled over the 10-year period in which the country has been under the current leadership.
中国の経済規模は現体制の約１０年間で、４倍に急拡大した。
But the rapid economic expansion has created various problems, including a widening gap between rich and poor, real estate market bubbles and the deterioration of the environment.
しかし、その一方で、貧富の格差の拡大や不動産バブル、環境の悪化などを招いた。
The fiscal stimulus measures the government introduced to protect the economy from the effects of the global financial crisis that started in the United States in 2008 led to a wave of public works projects of dubious worth. The public spending spree has left local governments with massive bad assets.
米国金融危機の影響を避けるために始めた景気刺激策は、必ずしも必要ではない公共工事ラッシュを招き、今は地方政府の不良債権となっている。
Wen stated that Beijing will lower its target for growth in the value of total exports and imports to “around 10 percent” from more than 20 percent last year as a step to correct such distortions in the economy.
そういったゆがみを正すために、温首相は輸出入の伸び率の目標を昨年の２割超から「１０％程度」に下げると明言した。
The premier also said the government will aim at economic growth driven mainly by domestic demand through policy efforts to increase people’s income and thereby stoke consumer spending. To do so, he said, the government will try to increase the nation’s per-capita income at the same pace as its economic growth rate.
そして、人々の収入増で消費を拡大し内需主導の成長をめざすため、経済成長率と同じペースで１人あたりの収入を増やす方針を確認した。
All these decisions represent welcome steps to guide the economy away from the high-speed but unbalanced growth in recent years.
いずれも、いびつな高成長路線から抜け出す策として評価できる。
But the growth-oriented economic policy is not the only cause of the problems plaguing the nation.
ただし、中国のひずみは成長政策だけが原因ではない。
Another contributing factor is the government’s tight control on the yuan’s exchange rates.
たとえば、当局が管理する人民元相場である。
Although major Western countries have been urging Beijing to allow the Chinese currency to appreciate, Wen only said the government will increase “flexibility of the managed floating exchange rate system.”
欧米からは切り上げを求める声が相次ぐが、温首相は「管理変動相場制の柔軟性を強める」と述べるにとどまった。
A cheap yuan could make the Chinese economy even more dependent on exports for growth and increase the risk of asset bubbles by creating excessive liquidity.
人民元安は輸出依存を強めかねないし、資金があふれ資産バブルの恐れも増す。
Chinese leaders should not forget that their country would suffer most from the bursting of such bubbles.
はじけて最大の被害を受けるのは中国であることを忘れてはならない。
Meanwhile, there is no end to stories about party seniors’ intervention in economic affairs, such as bidding for construction projects.
一方で、幹部が工事の入札などの経済活動に介入する例があとを絶たない。
Wen pledged to step up efforts to crack down on such acts. But that will not be enough.
温首相は取り締まりを強めると表明したが、それだけでは足りない。
Behind this problem is the policy system that gives the Communist Party the power to make all policy decisions. It is imperative for China to reform the system.
背景には党がすべてを決めるという政治体制があり、その改革が急がれる。
There may be concerns that Beijing’s move to lower its growth target could have a negative impact on the economies of countries with close ties with China, including Japan.
成長目標を下げたことで、日本など関係の深い国の経済に悪影響を与えるのでは、という心配もあるだろう。
In the long run, however, the world economy would be better served by more stable and balanced development of Chinese society.
しかし、中国社会が安定した成長を続けることが、長期的には国際経済に好影響を与えるはずである。
EDITORIAL: China’s lower economic growth target a wise move
中国経済成長―「７．５％」を歓迎する
China’s economy has been growing rapidly over the years, but it has created a raft of unwanted by-products as well, such as economic disparity, corruption and environmental destruction.
格差や腐敗、環境破壊という負の副産物をまき散らしながら高度成長してきた中国。
Now, China has finally decided to shift its policy priorities toward economic growth more focused on social stability. We welcome the move.
それがようやく、社会の安定を重視する成長へと転換をめざすことになった。歓迎したい。
The annual meeting of China’s National People’s Congress began in Beijing on March 5. In his work report to parliament, Premier Wen Jiabao announced that the government has set a policy target of 7.5-percent economic growth for 2012, down from the 8-percent goal the country pursued for seven consecutive years since 2005.
中国の全国人民代表大会（全人代）が５日、北京で始まった。温家宝（ウェン・チアパオ）首相は、１２年の経済成長率目標を７．５％とすると表明し、０５年から７年続けて掲げてきた「８％前後の成長」の旗を取り換えた。
Wen said the government has lowered the growth target to “achieve higher-level, higher-quality development over a longer period of time.”
温首相は成長目標を下げた理由として「長期にわたって一層高水準で、より良質な発展につなげるためである」と述べた。
China’s Hu-Wen administration, led by President Hu Jintao and Wen, is slated to pass the baton to a new leadership through a power transition to be approved at the National Congress of the Communist Party of China scheduled for autumn this year and at next year’s gathering of the National People’s Congress.
胡錦濤（フー・チンタオ）国家主席と温首相が率いる「胡温体制」は、今年秋の共産党大会と来春の全人代を経て、次の体制と交代する。
This year’s meeting of the legislature serves as the platform for the current leadership to start the final phase of its efforts to achieve policy goals.
今年の全人代は、総仕上げの政策を決める場となった。
The size of the Chinese economy has quadrupled over the 10-year period in which the country has been under the current leadership.
中国の経済規模は現体制の約１０年間で、４倍に急拡大した。
But the rapid economic expansion has created various problems, including a widening gap between rich and poor, real estate market bubbles and the deterioration of the environment.
しかし、その一方で、貧富の格差の拡大や不動産バブル、環境の悪化などを招いた。
The fiscal stimulus measures the government introduced to protect the economy from the effects of the global financial crisis that started in the United States in 2008 led to a wave of public works projects of dubious worth. The public spending spree has left local governments with massive bad assets.
米国金融危機の影響を避けるために始めた景気刺激策は、必ずしも必要ではない公共工事ラッシュを招き、今は地方政府の不良債権となっている。
Wen stated that Beijing will lower its target for growth in the value of total exports and imports to “around 10 percent” from more than 20 percent last year as a step to correct such distortions in the economy.
そういったゆがみを正すために、温首相は輸出入の伸び率の目標を昨年の２割超から「１０％程度」に下げると明言した。
The premier also said the government will aim at economic growth driven mainly by domestic demand through policy efforts to increase people’s income and thereby stoke consumer spending. To do so, he said, the government will try to increase the nation’s per-capita income at the same pace as its economic growth rate.
そして、人々の収入増で消費を拡大し内需主導の成長をめざすため、経済成長率と同じペースで１人あたりの収入を増やす方針を確認した。
All these decisions represent welcome steps to guide the economy away from the high-speed but unbalanced growth in recent years.
いずれも、いびつな高成長路線から抜け出す策として評価できる。
But the growth-oriented economic policy is not the only cause of the problems plaguing the nation.
ただし、中国のひずみは成長政策だけが原因ではない。
Another contributing factor is the government’s tight control on the yuan’s exchange rates.
たとえば、当局が管理する人民元相場である。
Although major Western countries have been urging Beijing to allow the Chinese currency to appreciate, Wen only said the government will increase “flexibility of the managed floating exchange rate system.”
欧米からは切り上げを求める声が相次ぐが、温首相は「管理変動相場制の柔軟性を強める」と述べるにとどまった。
A cheap yuan could make the Chinese economy even more dependent on exports for growth and increase the risk of asset bubbles by creating excessive liquidity.
人民元安は輸出依存を強めかねないし、資金があふれ資産バブルの恐れも増す。
Chinese leaders should not forget that their country would suffer most from the bursting of such bubbles.
はじけて最大の被害を受けるのは中国であることを忘れてはならない。
Meanwhile, there is no end to stories about party seniors’ intervention in economic affairs, such as bidding for construction projects.
一方で、幹部が工事の入札などの経済活動に介入する例があとを絶たない。
Wen pledged to step up efforts to crack down on such acts. But that will not be enough.
温首相は取り締まりを強めると表明したが、それだけでは足りない。
Behind this problem is the policy system that gives the Communist Party the power to make all policy decisions. It is imperative for China to reform the system.
背景には党がすべてを決めるという政治体制があり、その改革が急がれる。
There may be concerns that Beijing’s move to lower its growth target could have a negative impact on the economies of countries with close ties with China, including Japan.
成長目標を下げたことで、日本など関係の深い国の経済に悪影響を与えるのでは、という心配もあるだろう。
In the long run, however, the world economy would be better served by more stable and balanced development of Chinese society.
しかし、中国社会が安定した成長を続けることが、長期的には国際経済に好影響を与えるはずである。
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