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ギリシャ支援 危機回避へ延長が不可欠だ

The Yomiuri Shimbun
Extension of bailout program for Greece essential to avoid European debt crisis
ギリシャ支援　危機回避へ延長が不可欠だ

Can a possible flare-up of the European sovereign debt crisis be prevented? Tensions are building over the current situation.
　欧州発の危機再燃を回避できるか。事態は緊迫の度を増している。

A meeting of the 19 finance ministers of the eurozone on how Greece can meet its debt commitments ended without an accord.
　ギリシャ向け金融支援策の継続問題を協議していたユーロ圏１９か国財務相会合が、物別れに終わった。

European creditors asserted that Greece would apply to extend the current bailout program for six months on condition that it would maintain tight budgetary discipline.
　欧州連合（ＥＵ）側は、緊縮財政を前提とした現行の枠組みを６か月延長するよう主張した。

But Greek Finance Minister Yanis Varoufakis rejected this, saying the current bailout program had failed to stabilize the Greek economy.
　これに対し、ギリシャのバルファキス財務相は「現在の支援策はギリシャ経済の安定に失敗した」と述べ、支援延長を拒否した。

Eurozone creditors plan to hold more talks with Greece, possibly on Friday, to reach an agreement, but the views of Greece and other eurozone nations remain far apart.
　ＥＵは２０日にも再び会合を開いて、合意を目指す考えだが、ギリシャと他の各国との意見の隔たりは大きい。

At this point, it is uncertain whether the current bailout program, which ends on Feb. 28, can be maintained.
２月末に期限を迎える支援策が続けられるかどうか、予断を許さない状況だ。

Should the bailout be discontinued, Greece will face a lack of funds, raising the risk of the country defaulting on its debts.
　支援が打ち切られると、ギリシャの資金繰りが行き詰まり、国債のデフォルト（債務不履行）などのリスクが一気に高まる。

If the sovereign debt crisis worsens, not only would the Greek economy go bankrupt but the economy of the entire eurozone would eventually plunge into a financial quagmire. Extending the bailout program is essential to avoid seriously affecting the world economy.
　再び債務危機が深刻化すれば、ギリシャ経済が破綻するだけでなく、欧州全体が苦境に陥ることは避けられない。世界経済に重大な打撃を与えないためにも、支援策の延長が不可欠だ。

Greece must endure the pain of tightening its budgetary belt in return for financing from other eurozone countries, which helped Greece pay the price of its own loose fiscal discipline over many years.
　ギリシャは、放漫財政のツケを他国の財政資金で穴埋めしてもらっている以上、緊縮財政の痛みを甘受すべきである。

The Coalition of the Radical Left, led by Alexis Tsipras — now prime minister — won the general election last month and came to power after adopting an anti-austerity position.
　ギリシャのチプラス首相率いる急進左派連合は、反緊縮財政を旗印に１月の総選挙で勝利し、政権を奪取したばかりだ。

By honoring its campaign pledge, the ruling coalition may have no other recourse but to reject the austerity program presented by creditor countries.
公約に基づき、ＥＵ側の求める緊縮策を頑かたくなに拒まざるを得ないのだろう。

Lack of strong industries

Except for tourism and agriculture, the Greek economy has had no strong industries for many years, while the ratio of public service workers to the total working population is high.
　だが、ギリシャ経済は長年にわたり、観光や農業などを除けば有力な産業がなく、労働人口に占める公務員の比率が高い。

As a result of the Greek government’s handling of the economy, which relies heavily on fiscal spending, its society lost much of its vigor, with its debts mounting due to increasing expenditures and sluggish tax revenues.
　こうした財政出動に依存した経済運営を続けた結果、社会の活力は失われ、歳出増加と税収低迷によって債務は膨張を続けた。

To revitalize Greece, there is no other way but to restructure the nation’s fiscal discipline in accordance with the bailout program of the European Union and other entities, while drastically reforming its inefficient economic structure.
　ギリシャを再生するには、ＥＵなどの支援プログラムに沿って財政規律を立て直すとともに、非効率な経済構造を抜本的に改革する以外に、道はあるまい。

In some other eurozone countries, political parties advocating “anti-austerity” stances are gaining public support, as was seen in Greece.
　欧州の一部の国では、ギリシャと同様に「反緊縮」を掲げる政党が支持を広げている。

Worried that loose fiscal discipline may spread to countries in southern Europe and elsewhere, the EU is strongly pressing Greece to toe the austerity line.
　ＥＵは、財政規律の緩みが南欧諸国などに波及する事態を懸念して、強い態度でギリシャに緊縮路線の堅持を迫っている。

Should the bailout talks collapse completely, Greece’s departure from the eurozone will become a real possibility. As this would undermine confidence in the euro system, such a situation must be avoided.
　悩ましいのは、協議が完全に決裂した場合、ギリシャのユーロ圏離脱が現実味を帯びることである。ユーロ体制の信認が揺らぐ事態は避けなければならない。

The EU should explore compromises such as easing the terms for repayment, while maintaining, in principle, the current bailout framework.
　ＥＵは、現行の枠組みを基本としつつ、返済条件の緩和などの妥協策も模索すべきだろう。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Feb. 18, 2015)

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社説:旅券返納命令 前例にしてはならない

February 10, 2015(Mainichi Japan)
Editorial: Exercise prudence in restricting overseas travel
社説:旅券返納命令　前例にしてはならない

Passports serve as the most effective official identification cards for their bearers when they travel overseas. The Foreign Ministry describes passports on its website as the second most important things for their bearers next only to their lives. Therefore, the ministry's confiscation of the passport of a freelance photographer who had planned to visit Syria in late February to gather news should not be regarded as a precedent.
　外国を旅行する際、旅券（パスポート）は最も公的な身分証明書になる。外務省はホームページで「命の次に大切なもの」と紹介している。だからこそ、今回のようなケースが前例になって繰り返されることがあってはならない。
   
The ministry took the action under Article 19 of the Passport Act, which allows authorities to order individuals to return their passports if it is necessary to force them to call off their planned overseas trips to protect their lives or assets. This is the first time that the clause has been invoked to confiscate a passport since the law came into force in 1951.
　今月末にシリアでの取材を計画していた新潟市のフリーカメラマンから、外務省が旅券を取り上げた。
　旅券法１９条の「名義人の生命、身体または財産の保護のために渡航を中止させる必要」がある場合に返納を命じることができるという規定に基づく措置だった。１９５１年に旅券法が制定されて以来、この種の返納命令は初めてだという。

Article 22 of the Constitution guarantees citizens the freedom to travel overseas along with the freedom to change their residence and choose their occupation as their inherent rights. Moreover, freedom of the press is inevitable in a democratic society, which is guaranteed by journalists' news-gathering activities.
　憲法２２条は、海外渡航の自由を認めている。居住、移転の自由や職業選択の自由とともに国民の権利という位置づけだ。民主主義社会には報道の自由も不可欠であり、それを担保するのが取材活動である。

On the other hand, the ruthless Islamic State (IS) militant group now rules some areas of Syria. The photographer had intended to go to northern Syria in a bid to cover refugee camps and other places that are not under the rule of the militants. However, it would be almost impossible to completely eliminate risks of being targeted by the militants.
　他方でシリアは、イスラム過激派組織「イスラム国」（ＩＳ＝Islamic State）がまだら状に支配している。カメラマンはシリア北部に入り、ＩＳの支配下にない難民キャンプなどを取材するつもりだったというが、リスクを完全に遮断できるとは思えない。

The IS has released the painful images of two Japanese hostages, whom the group claims it has murdered, and threatened to target any Japanese national wherever they are. Should the photographer be confined by the Islamic State group, it would not only endanger his life but also adversely affect Japan's diplomatic policies. In the latest hostage crisis, the Jordanian government got involved in the case, demonstrating that the adverse effects of terrorism could spread to the international community.
　ＩＳが日本人２人の残虐な殺害映像を流し、日本人はどこにいてもテロの対象になると脅したばかりである。もしもＩＳに拘束された場合、本人の命を危険にさらすばかりか、日本の外交政策が制約を受ける。先の人質事件ではヨルダン政府も巻き込まれ、テロの悪影響が国際社会に広がることが明確になった。

The photographer's plan to visit Syria was reported by some media outlets after the hostage crisis came to a tragic end. It was only natural that the Foreign Ministry urged the photographer to call off his trip, considering that the timing of his planned visit to Syria was so close to the time of the recent hostage crisis and that if he were to be attacked by terrorists, it would have a serious political impact on Japan.
　カメラマンのシリア入国計画は、人質事件が無残な結末を迎えた後に一部メディアが報じた。時期が事件と近接していることや、もし新たなテロが発生した場合の政治的影響の大きさを考えれば、入国計画を把握した外務省などが当人に渡航中止を求めるのはやむを得ないことだ。

What is regrettable is how the ministry forced the photographer to cancel his trip.
　残念なのはその手段である。

The fact that the Foreign Ministry had never ordered anyone to return their passports under Article 19 of the Passport Act highlights the seriousness of the impact of such an order. Without a passport, it is impossible for anyone to travel overseas. As such, the ministry should have sought other methods to avoid forcibly imposing restrictions on the freedom to travel overseas guaranteed by the Constitution, though there was little time to act.
　過去に旅券の返納命令が出されていないというのは、その重大さの裏返しであろう。旅券がなければ所持者の海外渡航は事実上、不可能になる。いかに緊急性があったにしても、憲法上の権利に対する強制的な制限を避けるべく、別の方法を最後まで追求してほしかった。

The Foreign Ministry has so far urged members of the public to refrain from visiting certain countries or evacuate depending on the countries' levels of danger. There are calls within the ruling coalition for more effective measures to force members of the public to refrain from visiting dangerous countries or areas. However, such measures would allow the government to intervene more deeply in people's daily lives under the pretext of protecting Japanese nationals. It could also lead to indirect media regulations.
　外務省はこれまで海外の危険度に応じて渡航自粛の要請や退避勧告を行ってきた。与党内では今回のようなケースに対応するために、より実効性のある措置を求める意見が出ている。しかし、それでは「邦人保護」の名の下に政府が国民生活により広く介入することになり、間接的なメディア規制にもつながる。

The government should exercise prudence in restricting Japanese nationals' overseas travel and treat the latest measure as an exception.
　政府は抑制的に対応し、今回の措置を例外にとどめるべきだ。

毎日新聞　2015年02月10日　02時30分

香山リカのココロの万華鏡:ニュースからのトラウマ

「１０年前、日本人青年がイラクで人質となって斬首殺害されたとき、とても大きな衝撃を受けた」
１０年前のイラク日本人青年殺害事件とは2004年10月に発生した、国際的テロ集団であるアルカーイダの有力者であるヨルダン人幹部アブー＝ムスアブ・アッ＝ザルカーウィーが率いているとされるイラクの聖戦アルカーイダ組織を名乗るグループによって日本人青年（当時24歳）、香田証生（こうだしょうせい）さんが殺された事件なんです。
テロリストの要求に従って自衛隊を撤退させれば、命は奪われなかったのかもしれません。小泉首相が対応しました。
（スラチャイ）

February 08, 2015(Mainichi Japan)
Kaleidoscope of the heart: News-induced trauma
香山リカのココロの万華鏡:ニュースからのトラウマ　／東京

The abduction of Japanese nationals by the so-called "Islamic State" militant group ended in the worst way possible. Moreover, people who watched the videos or listened to the recorded messages associated with this incident likely experienced an enormous amount of fear.
　過激派組織「イスラム国」による日本人人質事件は最悪の結末となった。公開された映像や音声メッセージを見たり聴いたりして、大きな恐怖感を抱いた人もいるのではないだろうか。

An increasing number of my clients have told me that they became afraid after watching the news regarding these recent events. In terms of figures, this is in fact the highest number of patients who have reported such feelings to me since the time period following the Great East Japan Earthquake.
診察室では「ニュースを見て恐ろしくなった」という声をしばしば耳にするが、単純な件数で言えばその訴えは東日本大震災以来の多さであった。
   
Parents with children have also asked me, "Is it okay to let our kids watch the news about these types of incidents that involve hostage-taking and killing?"
　子どもを持つ親からは「人質の拘束や殺害といったニュースをわが子に見せてよいのか」という質問もあった。

My response in such cases has been, "Don't let your children watch the videos -- but it is probably a good idea if you do show them the newspaper articles and explain to them what occurred."
私は「なるべく映像は見せず、新聞を見せながら“こんなことが起きている”と親の言葉で説明してあげるのがよいのではないか」とこたえている。

I also commented via Internet channels that "children should be protected from the trauma of such shocking videos." This statement was met with numerous objections, however, from people saying things like, "Don't look away from reality," or "Don't prevent children from finding out information that they wish to know about," or "Hiding these televised images from children is counterproductive, since they will just go and try to find them on the Internet."
　ネットでも「ショッキングな映像によるトラウマから子どもを守って」と発信した。するとかなりの数の人たちから反論が寄せられた。「事実から目を背けさせるな」「子どもの知りたい欲求を阻害するな」「テレビの映像を隠せばネットで見ようとするから逆効果」といった意見だ。

I agree that it is never good to overly conceal or distort the truth -- even when we are talking about children. It is also clear that we must not attempt to shield our children from media or news reports that we find shocking. To the contrary, the recent incident could provide an opportunity for a very meaningful experience in terms of parents and children sitting down together in front of an atlas and discussing together what happened.
　たしかに、いくら相手が子どもだからといって、事実を隠しすぎたりゆがめたりすることは良くない。すべての刺激的な報道やニュースから子どもを遠ざければよい、というわけでもないのは確かだ。それに、親子で地図帳を開きながらこの件をきっかけにいろいろな話ができれば、逆にとても有意義な経験となるだろう。

At the same time, however, recent research has revealed cases whereby people -- particularly children -- have experienced trauma from seeing images from disasters and incidents that occurred in far-away places, after they were broadcast on sources including television.
　しかし、最近の研究で、とくに子どもにとっては、遠いところで起きた災害や事件も、テレビなどでの映像によってトラウマになる場合があるとわかっている。

I have additionally heard compelling comments from university students who told me, "I suffered an enormous shock 10 years ago when a young Japanese man was taken hostage and killed in Iraq -- and all of that fear just came flooding back to me again on the occasion of the recent hostage-taking incident."
実際に大学では学生たちから、「１０年前、日本人青年がイラクで人質となって殺害されたとき、とても大きな衝撃を受けた。今回の件でそのときの恐怖がまざまざとよみがえった」という切実な声も聞いた。

At the time, those students would have been elementary school and junior high school-aged students.
彼らはそのとき小学生から中学生。

Images of the Japanese youth being kidnapped and killed have a different impact upon young minds than upon adults -- and some of these young students likely did indeed experience lingering trauma as a result.
日本の若者がとらわれ、亡くなるというニュースや映像をおとなとはまた違った受け取り方をして、中にはそれがトラウマとなって残った人もいるのだろう。

The question of how much shocking news should be shown to children is one that should be considered carefully in each individual household.
　基本的には、衝撃的なニュースをどれくらい子どもに見せるかについては、それぞれの家庭でよく考え、決めればよい。

This does not mean, however, simply showing children such images in a point-blank manner.
ただ、何でも事実を包み隠さずに見せればよい、というわけではない。

Rather, we must know that we have the choice to avoid such images in order to protect our own mental stability. This goes for adults, moreover, just as much as children.
これはおとなでも同じで、私たちには「見ないことで心の安定を保つ」という選択もあるのだ。

In my view, praying for the souls of the dead -- while also protecting the feelings of oneself and one's family -- is another way through which we can work against terrorism.
犠牲となった方たちの冥福を祈りつつ、「自分や家族の心を守るのもテロに屈しないこと」と考えたい。

（精神科医）
(By Rika Kayama, psychiatrist)
毎日新聞　2015年02月03日　地方版

対「イスラム国」 国際社会は包括的戦略を探れ

The Yomiuri Shimbun
International community must explore comprehensive strategies against ISIL
対「イスラム国」　国際社会は包括的戦略を探れ

To contain the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militant group, which has repeatedly carried out atrocious criminal acts, the international community must devise and implement a comprehensive strategy.
　残虐な犯罪行為を繰り返すイスラム過激派組織を封じ込めるため、国際社会は包括的な戦略を練り、実行すべきだ。

ISIL, which is believed to have brutally murdered two Japanese hostages in Syria in recent days, released an online video showing its slaying of a captured Jordanian Air Force pilot.
　邦人人質２人を惨殺したとされる「イスラム国」が、ヨルダン空軍パイロットを殺害したとする映像を公開した。

Through the barbaric method of burning the captive alive in a cage, the group expressed its vengeance against Jordan, which is participating in the U.S.-led bombing raids against ISIL. Designed to instill terror in the hearts of those who watch it, the footage serves as part of the militant group’s heartless propaganda campaign.
　パイロットを檻おりに入れ、火を放つという非道な手法で、米軍主導の空爆に参加したヨルダンに対する復讐ふくしゅうをアピールする。見る者に恐怖心を植え付けようとする冷酷な宣伝戦の一環だろう。

The video also appears to show photos of other Jordanian pilots, and calls on them not to join the U.S-led airstrikes against ISIL, shaking the Jordanian side.
　映像は、複数のヨルダン軍パイロットらの写真を公開し、空爆に参加しないよう求めるなど、ヨルダン側を揺さぶっている。

In retaliation, the Jordanian government executed Sajida al-Rishawi, a death-row convict who was taken into custody by Jordanian authorities as a failed suicide bomber in the 2005 Amman attacks. The militants had allegedly demanded Jordan release Rishawi.
　ヨルダン政府は報復として、爆破テロの実行犯として収監され、イスラム国が釈放を求めていた死刑囚の死刑執行に踏み切った。

The Jordanian government also said it will take additional measures militarily.
軍事的な追加措置も取るという。

ISIL seeks to bring down the existing international order, and has called for overthrowing the Jordanian monarchy. Tension between ISIL and Jordan is certain to grow through a chain of hatred. It is feared that the situation in the Middle East may be destabilized.
　既存の国際秩序の破壊を標榜ひょうぼうするイスラム国は、「ヨルダン王制の打倒」も唱える。憎悪の連鎖により、双方の緊張が高まろう。中東の不安定化が懸念される。

The international community must unite to support Jordan, a country that stands at the forefront of the war against terrorism.
　「テロとの戦い」の最前線に立つヨルダンを、国際社会が一致して支えねばならない。

U.S. President Barack Obama and King Abdullah II of Jordan held talks at the White House on Tuesday and vowed to strengthen cooperation between their two countries to eradicate ISIL.
　オバマ米大統領とヨルダンのアブドラ国王は会談し、イスラム国の壊滅に向けて両国が連携を強化する方針を打ち出した。

Rally for global action

British Prime Minister David Cameron and French President Francois Hollande strongly condemned ISIL’s actions. Prime Minister Shinzo Abe also expressed solidarity with the people of Jordan.
　キャメロン英首相やオランド仏大統領は、イスラム国を強く非難した。安倍首相も、ヨルダン国民との「連帯」を表明している。

The U.S.-led international “coalition of the willing” of more than 60 countries against ISIL needs to cooperate and take concrete action to thwart the extremist group.
　イスラム国との戦いに参加する約６０か国の有志連合は結束し、過激派組織の弱体化を図る具体的な行動を取る必要がある。

At an international ministerial meeting on counterterrorism to be held in Washington on Feb. 19, ministers must affirm the need to strengthen the coalition’s military campaign, to cut off the flow of funds to terrorists, stop would-be militants from joining ISIL, and expand assistance to Jordan and other moderate Arab nations.
　１９日に米国で開かれるテロ対策閣僚級会合では、軍事行動の強化、テロ資金や戦闘員のイスラム国への流入阻止、ヨルダンなど穏健アラブ諸国への支援の拡充を確認すべきだろう。

During his talks with the Jordanian king, Obama emphasized that the United States and its allies “are determined to see the extremist group and their hateful ideology banished to the recesses of history.” We will watch how the U.S.-led coalition follows through with its determination.
　オバマ氏は、「イスラム国とその憎むべきイデオロギーを歴史の彼方かなたに葬る」とも強調した。どう実行するか、注視したい。

The U.S. Defense Department has requested $5.3 billion for its fiscal 2016 budget, up about 4 percent from fiscal 2015, to finance operations against ISIL. To eliminate the militant group, it is essential to train Iraq’s military and Kurdish fighters as well as provide military assistance to bolster their equipment and conduct airstrikes.
　米国防総省は来年度予算の「イスラム国」掃討作戦費として、前年度比約４％増の５３億ドルを要求した。イスラム国の壊滅には、空爆に加えて、イラク軍やクルド人武装組織などに対する訓練や装備面の軍事支援が欠かせない。

The leadership of the United States is greatly needed.
　米国の指導力が求められる。

Deep-rooted problems in the Middle East, such as poverty, social disparity and political corruption, are behind the fact that many combatants have flocked to join ISIL. Therefore, it is also important to promote mid- and long-term strategies, such as extending support to Middle Eastern countries to help reform their governance.
　イスラム国に多くの戦闘員が集まる背景には、貧困や格差、政治の腐敗といった中東の根深い問題が横たわる。各国の統治改革を後押しするなど、中長期的な戦略を進めることも重要だ。

(From The Yomiuri Shimbun, Feb. 5, 2015)Speech